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Wet Dog Shake
The head-twitch response (HTR), also sometimes known as wet dog shakes (WDS) in rats, is a rapid side-to-side head movement that occurs in mice and rats in association with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. Serotonergic psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin consistently induce the HTR in rodents. Because of this, the HTR is widely employed in scientific research as an animal behavioral model of hallucinogen effects and in the discovery of new psychedelic drugs. The HTR is one of the only behavioral paradigms for assessment of psychedelic-like effects in animals, with the other most notable test being drug discrimination. However, the HTR is far less costly and time-consuming than drug discrimination and hence has become much more popular in recent years. Limitations of the HTR include the fact that various other drugs besides serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists, such as NMDA receptor antagonists and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin
Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS. Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinna Reflex
The posterior auricular muscle is a muscle behind the auricle of the outer ear. It arises from the mastoid part of the temporal bone, and inserts into the lower part of the cranial surface of the auricle of the outer ear. It draws the auricle backwards, usually a very slight effect. Structure The posterior auricular muscle is found behind the auricle of the outer ear. It consists of two or three fleshy fasciculi. These arise from the mastoid part of the temporal bone by short aponeurotic fibers. They insert into the lower part of the cranial surface of the auricle of the outer ear. The posterior auricular muscle is supplied by branches of the posterior auricular artery, which continues deep to the muscle. It is drained by the posterior auricular vein that accompanies the artery. Nerve supply The posterior auricular muscle is supplied by the posterior auricular nerve, a branch of the facial nerve (VII). Function The posterior auricular nerve draws the auricle of the ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayahuasca
AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' (Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' descend from the compound Quechua word ''ayawaska'', from ''aya'' () and ''waska'' (). For more names for ayahuasca, see § Etymology. is a South American psychoactive decoction prepared from '' Banisteriopsis caapi'' vine and a dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing plant, used by Indigenous cultures in the Amazon and Orinoco basins as part of traditional medicine and shamanism. The word ayahuasca, originating from Quechuan languages spoken in the Andes, refers both to the ''B. caapi'' vine and the psychoactive brew made from it, with its name meaning “spirit rope” or “liana of the soul.” The specific ritual use of ayahuasca was widespread among Indigenous groups by the 19th century, though its precise origin is uncertain. Ayahuasca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimethyltryptamine
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (''N'',''N''-DMT), is a Psychedelic drug, serotonergic hallucinogen and Investigational New Drug, investigational drug of the substituted tryptamine, tryptamine family that natural product, occurs naturally in many plants and animals, including humans. DMT is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen. DMT has a rapid onset of action, onset, intense effects, and a relatively short duration of action. For those reasons, DMT was known as the "businessman's trip" during the 1960s in the United States, as a user could access the full depth of a psychedelic experience in considerably less time than with other substances such as Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD or psilocybin mushrooms. DMT can be inhaled or injected and its effects depend on the dose, as well as the mode of administration. When inhaled or injected, the effects last about five to fifteen minutes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mescaline
Mescaline, also known as mescalin or mezcalin, and in chemical terms 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a natural product, naturally occurring psychedelic drug, psychedelic alkaloid, protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, found in Cactus, cacti like peyote (''Lophophora williamsii'') and San Pedro cactus, San Pedro (certain species of the Echinopsis genus) and known for its Serotonin, serotonergic Hallucinogen, hallucinogenic effects. Mescaline is typically taken orally and used recreationally, spiritually, and medically, with psychedelic effects occurring at doses from 100 to 1,000 mg, including microdosing below 75 mg, and it can be consumed in pure form or via mescaline-containing cacti. Mescaline induces a psychedelic experience characterized by vivid visual patterns, altered perception of time and self, synesthesia, and spiritual effects, with an onset of 0.5–0.9 hours and a duration that increases with dose, ranging from about 6 to 14 hours. Mescaline h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DOM (drug)
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), also known as STP (standing for "Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace" and/or other phrases), is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and DOx families. It is generally taken orally. DOM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and later described in his book '' PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story'' (1991). It is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, and is similarly controlled in other parts of the world. Internationally, it is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Effects Effects of this drug include substantial perceptual changes such as blurred vision, multiple images, vibration of objects, visual alterations, distorted shapes, enhancement of details, slowed passage of time, increased sexual drive and pleasure, and increased contrasts. It may cause mystical experiences and changes in consciousness. It may also cause pupillary dilation and a rise in systolic bloo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DiPT (drug)
Diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT), also known as ''N'',''N''-diisopropyltryptamine, is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the tryptamine family that has a unique effect. While the majority of hallucinogens affect the visual sense, DiPT is primarily aural. Dosage Alexander Shulgin in ''TiHKAL'' gave a dosage range of DiPT of 25 to 100mg orally and a duration of 6 to 8hours. A wider recreational dose range for DiPT of 15 to 150mg or more has also been reported. Effects DiPT's effects are primarily aural. At lower doses, Alexander Shulgin reported effects similar to a flanging or a phase shift. At medium and higher dosages, the effect of DiPT is typically a radical shift downward in perceived pitch. This shift tends to be nonlinear, in that the shift downwards varies in relation to the initial pitch. This can produce bizarre sounds and render music disharmonious. There has been an experiment involving subjects with perfect pitch, the goal of which was to determine whether the pitch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DPT (drug)
''N'',''N''-Dipropyltryptamine (DPT) is a psychedelic drug and entheogen belonging to the substituted tryptamine, tryptamine family. Use as a designer drug has been documented by law enforcement officials since as early as 1968. However, potential therapeutic use was not investigated until the 1970s. It is found either as a crystalline hydrochloride Salt (chemistry), salt or as an oily or crystalline base (chemistry), base. It has not been found to occur endogenously. It is a close structural Homologous series, homologue of dimethyltryptamine and diethyltryptamine. Use and effects Doses ranges of DPT of 100 to 250mg (but up to 500mg) oral administration, orally, 100mg inhalational administration, smoked, 15 to 125mg intramuscular injection, intramuscularly, and 12 to 36mg intravenous injection, intravenously have been described. Its duration of action, duration is 2 to 4hours orally but can last up to 12hours with high doses. While DPT is chemically similar to dimethyltryptamine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
