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Waxcaps
''Hygrocybe'' is a genus of agarics (gilled fungi) in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called waxcaps in English (sometimes waxy caps in North America), basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are often brightly coloured and have dry to waxy caps, white spores, and smooth, ringless stems. In Europe waxcaps are characteristic of old, unimproved grasslands (termed waxcap grasslands) which are a declining habitat, making many ''Hygrocybe'' species of conservation concern. Four of these waxcap-grassland species, ''Hygrocybe citrinovirens'', '' H. punicea'', '' H. spadicea'', and '' H. splendidissima'', are assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Elsewhere waxcaps are more typically found in woodlands. Most are ground-dwelling and all are believed to be biotrophs. Around 150 species are recognized worldwide. Fruit bodies of several species are considered edible and are sometimes sold in local markets. Taxonomy History ''Hygrocybe'' was first publi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waxcap Grassland
Waxcap grassland is short-wikt:sward, sward, nutrient-poor grassland that supports a rich assemblage of larger fungi, particularly waxcaps (species of ''Hygrocybe'' and related genera), characteristic of such habitats. Waxcap grasslands occur principally in Europe, where they are declining as a result of agricultural practices. The fungal species are consequently of conservation concern and efforts have been made in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to protect both the grasslands and their characteristic fungi. Over 20 species of European waxcap grassland fungi are assessed as globally "vulnerable" or "endangered" on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Background The association of waxcaps with unimproved (nutrient-poor) grasslands was first noted in 1949 in the Netherlands, but current interest was stimulated by a series of papers published by Dutch mycologist Eef Arnolds in the 1980s. Arnolds not only confirmed the association of waxcaps with unimproved grasslands, but also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Citrinovirens
''Hygrocybe citrinovirens'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Citrine Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy The species was first described from Denmark in 1923 by mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange as ''Camarophyllus citrinovirens''. Julius Schäffer transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1947. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that ''Hygrocybe citrinovirens'' is distinct and belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Description Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 130mm (5 in) tall, the cap conical at first, retaining an acute or distinct umbo when expanded, up to 90mm (3 in) across, often splitting at the margins. The cap su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Spadicea
''Hygrocybe spadicea'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Date Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally " vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy The species was first described from Carniola (present-day Slovenia) in 1772 by naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli as ''Agaricus spadiceus''. Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1879. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that ''Hygrocybe spadicea'' is a distinct species and belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Description The basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 9 cm (5 in) tall, the cap conical at first, retaining an acute or distinct umbo when expanded, up to 8 cm (3&n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Splendidissima
''Hygrocybe splendidissima'', is a speciesof agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of splendid waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1960 by British mycologist P. D. Orton as a species of ''Hygrophorus''. The type was collected by Orton in fields near Membury, Devon, in 1957 Meinhard Moser transferred the species to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1967. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that ''Hygrocybe splendidissima'' is distinct and belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Description The basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, the cap conical to convex at first, retaining a broad umbo or becoming fl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Punicea
''Hygrocybe punicea'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of crimson waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Records from East Asia, North America, and Australia require further research to see if they represent the same species. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally " vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is not recommended for consumption due to its accumulating cadmium. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1821 by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as ''Agaricus puniceus'', the Latin "puniceus" meaning "blood red". German mycologist Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1871. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that ''Hygrocybe punicea'' belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Descripti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrophoraceae
The Hygrophoraceae are a family (biology), family of fungi in the order (biology), order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics (gilled mushrooms), including ''Hygrophorus'' and ''Hygrocybe'' species (the waxcaps or waxy caps), DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 34 genera and over 1000 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some ''Hygrocybe'' and ''Hygrophorus'' species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets. Taxonomy History The family Hygrophoraceae was first proposed by Dutch botanist Johannes Paulus Lotsy (1907) to accommodate agarics with thick, waxy lamella (mycology), lamellae (gills) and white basidiospore, spores. Lotsy's concept of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Conica
''Hygrocybe conica'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. In the UK it has been given the recommended English name of blackening waxcap, since all parts of the basidiocarp (fruit body) blacken with age. In North America it is commonly known as the witch's hat, conical wax cap or conical slimy cap. ''Hygrocybe conica'' is known to be a complex of at least eleven closely related species and as such is widespread in Eurasia, North America, and elsewhere. Taxonomy The species was first described from Bavaria in 1774 by German polymath Jacob Christian Schäffer, who named it ''Agaricus conicus''. Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1871. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that ''Hygrocybe conica'' belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. However, it has also indicated that the name is currently applied to at least eleven closely related but genetically distinct taxa worldwide. D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IUCN Red List
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species. A series of Regional Red Lists, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations. The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity. Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biotroph
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson characterised parasites' way of feeding as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes. There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation. One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edible Fungi
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy fruit bodies of numerous species of macrofungi (fungi that bear fruiting structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye). Edibility may be defined by criteria including the absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste and aroma. Mushrooms that have a particularly desirable taste are described as "''choice''". Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and culinary value. Mushrooms, especially dried shiitake, are sources of umami flavor. To ensure safety, wild mushrooms must be correctly identified before their edibility can be assumed. Deadly poisonous mushrooms that are frequently confused with edible mushrooms include several species of the genus ''Amanita'', particularly '' A. phalloides'', the death cap. Some mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause allergic reactions in others; old or improperly stored specimens can go rancid and cause food poisoning. Additionally, mushrooms can absorb chemica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Cantharellus
''Hygrocybe cantharellus'', commonly known as chanterelle waxy cap, is an agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. The European '' Hygrocybe lepida'' was previously referred to this name, but is now known to be distinct. The orangish cap is up to wide and the reddish stem tall and thick. It can resemble members of its genus such as the uncommon '' H. coccineocrenata''. It is found in North America and Australia. References External links * Fungi described in 1822 Fungi of Australia Fungi of North America cantharellus ''Cantharellus'' is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles (), a name which can also refer to the type species, '' Cantharellus cibarius''. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Ch ... Taxa named by Lewis David de Schweinitz Fungus species {{Hygrophoraceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petter Adolf Karsten
Petter Adolf Karsten (16 February 1834 – 22 March 1917) was a Finland, Finnish mycology, mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology". Karsten was born in Merimasku near Turku, studied at the University of Helsinki, and then moved to the inland of Tammela, Finland, Tammela, where he spent most of his life with teaching botany and doing research at the Mustiala Agriculture Institute (now the Faculty of Agriculture of the HAMK University of Applied Sciences). He amassed a vast collection, both by his own efforts and those of his correspondents, and named about 200 new genera and 2,000 new species. Between 1861 and 1870 Karsten edited the exsiccata series ''Fungi Fenniae exsiccati. Samling af Finska svampar'' with 1,000 numbers. In his mycological studies he extensively used the microscope and can be considered as the pioneer of fungal microscopy. ''Karstenia'', the international journal of mycology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
