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Water Mill
A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the production of many material goods, including flour, lumber, paper, textiles, and many metal products. These watermills may comprise gristmills, sawmills, paper mills, textile mills, hammermills, trip hammering mills, rolling mills, and wire drawing mills. One major way to classify watermills is by wheel orientation (vertical or horizontal), one powered by a vertical waterwheel through a gear mechanism, and the other equipped with a horizontal waterwheel without such a mechanism. The former type can be further subdivided, depending on where the water hits the wheel paddles, into undershot, overshot, breastshot and pitchback (backshot or reverse shot) waterwheel mills. Another way to classify water mills is by an essential trait about their loca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braine-le-Château JPG02
Braine-le-Château (; ; ) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. On January 1, 2006, Braine-le-Château had a total population of 9,446. The total area is 22.70 km² which gives a population density Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (other), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ... of 416 inhabitants per km². The municipality consists of the following districts: Braine-le-Château and Wauthier-Braine, which were municipalities of their own until 1977. Braine-le-Château is a medieval village in which many buildings from the Middle Ages remain. Among them are the pillory (1521), the village mill (c. 1200) and the ''Maison du Bailli'' (c. 1535). Braine-le-Château JPG01.jpg, The pillory and the ''Bailli House'' Moulin seigneurial.jpg, ''Moulin banal'' (mill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammermill
A hammer mill is a mill whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces by the repeated blows of small hammers. These machines have numerous industrial applications, including: * Ethanol plants (grains) * A farm machine, which mills grain into coarse flour to be fed to livestock * Fluff pulp defiberizing * Fruit juice production * Grinding used shipping pallets for mulch * Milling grain * Livestock, poultry, and aquatic feed production * Sawmills, size reduction of trim scrap and planer shavings into boiler fuel or mulch * Shredding paper * Shredding scrap automobiles (see automotive shredder residue) * Shredding yard and garden waste for composting * Crushing large rocks * In waste management Operation The basic principle is straightforward. A hammer mill is essentially a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Channel (geography)
In physical geography and hydrology, a channel is a landform on which a relatively narrow body of water is situated, such as a river, river delta or strait. While ''channel'' typically refers to a natural formation, the cognate term ''canal'' denotes a similar artificial structure. Channels are important for the functionality of ports and other bodies of water used for Navigability, navigability for shipping. Naturally, channels will change their depth and capacity due to erosion and Deposition (geology), deposition processes. Humans maintain navigable channels by dredging and other engineering processes. By extension, the term also applies to fluids other than water, e.g., lava channels. The term is also traditionally used to describe the Venusian channels, waterless surface features on Venus. Formation Channel initiation refers to the site on a mountain slope where water begins to flow between identifiable banks.Bierman, R. B, David R. Montgomery (2014). Key Concepts in Geom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
River Incision
River incision is the narrow erosion caused by a river or stream that is far from its base level. River incision is common after tectonic uplift of the landscape. Incision by multiple rivers result in a dissected landscape, for example a dissected plateau. River incision is the natural process by which a river cuts downward into its bed, deepening the active channel. Though it is a natural process, it can be accelerated rapidly by human factors including land use changes such as timber harvest, mining, agriculture, and road and dam construction. The rate of incision is a function of basal shear-stress. Shear stress is increased by factors such as sediment in the water, which increase its density. Sediment transport#Depth-slope product, Shear stress t is proportional to water mass, gravity, and WSS: ::t = \rho gD\sin where t is shear stress (N/m2), ρ is density of flowing water, g is gravity on Earth, D is average water depth, and WSS is Water Surface Slope. This is analogous to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Floodplain
A floodplain or flood plain or bottomlands is an area of land adjacent to a river. Floodplains stretch from the banks of a river channel to the base of the enclosing valley, and experience flooding during periods of high Discharge (hydrology), discharge.Goudie, A. S., 2004, ''Encyclopedia of Geomorphology'', vol. 1. Routledge, New York. The soils usually consist of clays, silts, sands, and gravels deposited during floods. Because of regular flooding, floodplains frequently have high soil fertility since nutrients are deposited with the flood waters. This can encourage farming; some important agricultural regions, such as the Nile and Mississippi Basin, Mississippi Drainage basin, river basins, heavily exploit floodplains. Agricultural and urban regions have developed near or on floodplains to take advantage of the rich soil and freshwater. However, the Flood risk, risk of inundation has led to increasing efforts to Flood control, control flooding. Formation Most floodplai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flood
A flood is an overflow of water (list of non-water floods, or rarely other fluids) that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health. Environmental issues, Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding. Examples for human changes are land use changes such as deforestation and Wetland conservation, removal of wetlands, changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees. Global environmental issues also influence causes of floods, namely climate change which causes an Effects of climate change on the water cycle, intensification of the water cycle and sea level rise. For example, climate change makes Extreme weather, extreme weather events more frequent and stronger. This leads to more intense floods and increased flood risk. Natural types of floods include riv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Series A, Physical Geography
Series may refer to: People with the name * Caroline Series (born 1951), English mathematician, daughter of George Series * George Series (1920–1995), English physicist Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Series, the ordered sets used in serialism including tone rows * Harmonic series (music) * Serialism, including the twelve-tone technique Types of series in arts, entertainment, and media * Anime series * Book series * Comic book series * Film series * Manga series * Podcast series * Radio series * Television series * "Television series", the Australian, British, and a number of others countries' equivalent term for the North American "television season", a set of episodes produced by a television serial * Video game series * Web series Mathematics and science * Series (botany), a taxonomic rank between genus and species * Series (mathematics), the sum of a sequence of terms * Series (stratigraphy), a stratigraphic unit deposited during a certain interval of geolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Backwater (river)
A backwater is a part of a river in which there is little or no current. It can refer to a branch of a main river, which lies alongside it and then rejoins it, or to a body of water in a main river, backed up by the sea tide or by an obstruction such as a dam. Manmade restrictions to natural stream flow or temporary natural obstructions such as ice jams, vegetation blockage, or flooding of a lower stream can create backwater. Alternative channel If a river has developed one or more alternative courses in its evolution, one channel is usually designated the main course, and secondary channels may be termed backwaters. The main river course will usually have the fastest stream and will likely be the main navigation route; backwaters may be shallower and flow more slowly, if at all. Some backwaters are rich in mangrove forest. This results in a more diverse environment of scientific interest and worthy of preservation. Backwaters also provide opportunities for leisure activities su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the deposition of sediments. It takes place when particles in suspension settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism. Settling is the falling of suspended particles through the liquid, whereas sedimentation is the final result of the settling process. In geology, sedimentation is the deposition of sediments which results in the formation of sedimentary rock. The term is broadly applied to the entire range of processes that result in the formation of sedimentary rock, from initial erosion through sediment transport and settling to the lithification of the sediments. However, the strict geological definition of sedimentation is the mechanical deposition of sediment particles from an initial suspension in air or water. Sedimentation may pertain to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ship Mill
A ship mill, more commonly known as a boat mill, is a type of watermill. The milling and grinding technology and the drive ( waterwheel) are built on a floating platform on this type of mill. "Deutsches Museum: Ship Mill", The Deutsches Museum's collections: Ship Mill (Model), 1819 (''see below:'' External links). Its first recorded use dates back to mid-6th century AD Italy. Technology Between barge and boat well is the undershot water wheel, which is driven by the flowing water of the current. There is also evidence of water mills for which both sides had a narrower water wheel, similar to an old paddle steamer. The floating platform is anchored at the most intense point in the current, to the bridge piers for easy access to the mill, or to the shore. Floating allows the mill to operate with the same power despite changing water levels. The efficiency of the mill can at best match a standard undershot mill. Ship mills could potentially run full-time, good for tasks tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tide Mill
A tide mill is a water mill driven by tidal rise and fall. A dam with a sluice is created across a suitable tidal inlet, or a section of river estuary is made into a reservoir. As the tide comes in, it enters the mill pond through a one-way gate, and this gate closes automatically when the tide begins to fall. When the tide is low enough, the stored water can be released to turn a water wheel. Tide mills are usually situated in river estuaries, away from the effects of waves but close enough to the sea to have a reasonable tidal range. Cultures that built such mills have existed since the Middle Ages, and some may date back to the Roman period. A modern version of a tide mill is the electricity-generating tidal barrage. Early history Possibly the earliest tide mill in the Roman world was located in London on the River Fleet, dating to Roman times. Since the late 20th century, a number of new archaeological finds have consecutively pushed back the date of the earliest t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gear Train
A gear train or gear set is a machine element of a mechanical system formed by mounting two or more gears on a frame such that the teeth of the gears engage. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next. Features of gears and gear trains include: * The gear ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed ratio and the mechanical advantage of the gear set. * A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package. * It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular, yet still transmit torque smoothly. * The speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same way as gear ratios. See bicycle gearing. The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
