|
Water Hammer
Hydraulic shock ( colloquial: water hammer; fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly: a momentum change. It is usually observed in a liquid but gases can also be affected. This phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. This pressure wave can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe rupture or collapse. It is possible to reduce the effects of the water hammer pulses with accumulators, expansion tanks, surge tanks, blowoff valves, and other features. The effects can be avoided by ensuring that no valves will close too quickly with significant flow, but there are many situations that can cause the effect. Rough calculations can be made using the Zhukovsky (Joukowsky) equation, or more accurate ones using the method of characteristics. History In the 1st century B.C., Marcus Vitruvius Pollio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luigi Federico Menabrea
Luigi Federico Menabrea (4 September 1809 – 24 May 1896), later made 1st Count Menabrea and 1st Marquess of Valdora, was an Italian statesman, general, diplomat, and mathematician who served as the seventh prime minister of Italy from 1867 to 1869. Biography Menabrea was born at Chambéry, then part of the First French Empire. He was educated at the University of Turin, where he qualified as an engineer and became a doctor of mathematics. As an officer of engineers he replaced Cavour in 1831 at the fortress of Bard. He then became professor of mechanics and construction at the military academy and at the university of Turin. Among his notable publications: ''Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage, Esq.'' with notes by translator Ada Lovelace (1842), which described many aspects of computer architecture and is considered the first modern example of programming. Both are available on Wikisource: * The Menabrea article * The notes by Ada Lovelace. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Tower
A water tower is an elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed at a height sufficient to pressurize a water distribution system, distribution system for potable water, and to provide emergency storage for fire protection. Water towers often operate in conjunction with underground or surface service reservoirs, which store treated water close to where it will be used. Other types of water towers may only store raw (non-potable) water for fire protection or industrial purposes, and may not necessarily be connected to a public water supply. Water towers are able to supply water even during power outages, because they rely on hydrostatic pressure produced by elevation of water (due to gravity) to push the water into domestic and industrial water distribution systems; however, they cannot supply the water for a long time without power, because a pump is typically required to refill the tower. A water tower also serves as a reservoir to help with water needs during peak us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Power Stations In Michigan
This is a list of electricity-generating power stations in Michigan, sorted by type and name. In 2023, Michigan had a total summer capacity of 31,120 MW through all of its power plants, and a net generation of 120,656 GWh. In 2023, the energy mix was 44.9% natural gas, 21.1% nuclear, 20.6% coal, 7.8% wind, 1.6% biomass, 1.5% solar, 1.2% petroleum, 0.8% other gases, 0.3% hydroelectric, and 0.1% other. Coal use has decreased by half over the last decade, replaced by natural gas and renewables. 60% of renewable generation is wind energy. Michigan imports all coal and nuclear fuel (uranium), and 82% of natural gas. A goal to produce over 10% of electricity from in-state renewable sources was set in 2015. Major electric companies in Michigan include DTE Electric Company (11,000 MW) and Consumers Energy (9,000 MW). Nuclear power stations Nuclear power is a significant source of electrical power in Michigan, producing roughly one-quarter of the state's supply. The two active ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is Electricity generation, electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies 15% of the world's electricity, almost 4,210 TWh in 2023, which is more than all other Renewable energy, renewable sources combined and also more than nuclear power. Hydropower can provide large amounts of Low-carbon power, low-carbon electricity on demand, making it a key element for creating secure and clean electricity supply systems. A hydroelectric power station that has a dam and reservoir is a flexible source, since the amount of electricity produced can be increased or decreased in seconds or minutes in response to varying electricity demand. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, it produces no direct waste, and almost always emits considerably less greenhouse gas than fossil fuel-powered energy plants. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damper
A damper is a device that deadens, restrains, or depresses. It may refer to: Music * Damper pedal, a device that mutes musical tones, particularly in stringed instruments * A mute for various brass instruments Structure * Damper (flow), a mechanical device in a duct or chimney that regulates airflow * Stockbridge damper, used to suppress wind-induced vibrations on taut cables * Tuned mass damper, a device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage or structural failure by vibration Other uses * Damper (food), a bread of the Australian Outback * In mechanical engineering, a damper is a device for suppressing vibrations in a mechanical system by dissipating energy. ** Dashpot, a type of hydraulic or mechanical damper * Shock absorber (British or technical use: ''damper''), a mechanical device designed to dissipate kinetic energy * An item of boiler technology used to regulate the fire * In electronics, a kind of diode intended to absorb energy peaks, normally generate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plumbing
Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses piping, pipes, valves, piping and plumbing fitting, plumbing fixtures, Storage tank, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids. HVAC, Heating and cooling (HVAC), Sewerage, waste removal, and Drinking water, potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications. The word derives from the Latin for lead, ''plumbum'', as the first effective pipes used in the Sanitation in ancient Rome, Roman era were lead pipes. In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is critical to public health and sanitation. Boilermakers and pipefitters are not plumbers although they work with piping as part of their trade and their work can include some plumbing. History Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations, as they developed public baths and needed to provide drinking water, potable water and sewerage, wastewater removal for large ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shock Wave
In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of sound in the medium. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a medium, but is characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous, change in pressure, temperature, and density of the medium. For the purpose of comparison, in supersonic speed, supersonic flows, additional increased expansion may be achieved through an expansion fan, also known as a Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. The accompanying expansion wave may approach and eventually collide and recombine with the shock wave, creating a process of destructive interference. The sonic boom associated with the passage of a supersonic aircraft is a type of sound wave produced by Wave interference, constructive interference. Unlike solitons (another kind of nonlinear wave), the energy and speed of a shock wave alone dissipates relatively quickly with distan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lorenzo Allievi
Lorenzo Allievi (November 18, 1856 – October 30, 1941) was an Italian engineer known for being one of the first to explain the water hammer problem.Kaveh Hariri Asli, Faig Bakhman Ogli Naghiyev, Reza Khodaparast Haghi, Hossien Hariri Asli, Advances in Control and Automation of Water Systems, CRC Press - 2012, page 2 Biography Allievi was born in Milan but moved with his family to Rome in 1871. There he graduated in 1879. He worked in Naples from 1893 to 1901 as CEO of ''Rinascimento di Napoli''. Then he came back to the Rome area and started working in the Terni steel/chemical/hydroelectric industrial district. In August 1902, when maintenance was being carried out on the hydroelectrical power plant of Papigno (Terni), the closure of a water pipe caused its explosion and great damage to the plant. Allievi investigated the problem immediately thereafter and published his fundamental study on the water hammer problem the same year. He continued to study this problem in the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Palmer Frizell
Joseph Frizell (13 March 1832 – 4 May 1910) was an American engineer. He is notable for having independently derived the fundamental equations to describe the velocity of a shock wave (Water hammer equations) in 1898, and for his book Water-Power published in 1901. Water-power was the first practical book on hydraulics Hydraulics () is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concer ... in the USA. This was a major milestone in propagation of engineering knowledge in USA, as Schutze wrote ″As an hydraulic engineer, Frizell was prominent, and his book, Waterpower, filled a definitive need in the technology of that day.″ Nevertheless, Frizell's description of the Water hammer was criticized by American contemporaries and his contribution to the field is under-recognised. References 1832 bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky
Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky ( rus, Никола́й Его́рович Жуко́вский, p=ʐʊˈkofskʲɪj; – 17 March 1921) was a Russian scientist, mathematician and engineer, and a founding father of modern aerodynamics, aero- and hydrodynamics. Whereas contemporary scientists scoffed at the idea of human flight, Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow. He is often called the ''Father of Russian Aviation''. The Joukowsky transform is named after him, while the fundamental aerodynamical theorem, the Kutta–Joukowski theorem, is named after both him and German mathematician Martin Kutta. Life Zhukovsky was born in the village of Orekhovo, List of governorates of the Russian Empire, Vladimir Governorate (Russia), Governorate, Russian Empire. In 1868 he graduated from Moscow State University, Moscow University where he studied under August Davidov. From 1872 he was a professor at the Moscow State Technical University, Imperial Technical School. In 190 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes Von Kries
Johannes Adolf von Kries (6 October 1853 – 30 December 1928) was a German physiological psychologist who formulated the modern “duplicity” or “duplexity” theory of vision mediated by rod cells at low light levels and three types of cone cells at higher light levels. He made important contributions in the field of haemodynamics. In addition, von Kries was a significant theorist of the foundations of probability. Biography When von Kries was at Freiburg (1880–1924), he was called to succeed Professor Emil Du Bois-Reymond as chair of physiology at the University of Berlin, but he declined. Von Kries has been called Helmholtz's "greatest German disciple". Works “Über den Druck in den Blutcapillaren der menschlichen Haut” ''Arbeiten aus der Physiologischen Anstalt zu Leipzig'' p 69-80 (1875). “Die Zeitdauer einfachster psychischer Vorgänge”with Felix Auerbach. ''Archiv für Physiologie'' p 297-378 (1877). * “Über die Bestimmung des Mitteldruckes durch das Q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
