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Vorstenlanden
The VorstenlandenEncarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Vorstenlanden". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. (Dutch for 'princely lands' or 'princely states', ) were four native, princely states on the island of Java in the colonial Dutch East Indies. They were nominally self-governing vassals under suzerainty of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Their political autonomy however became increasingly constrained by severe treaties and settlements. Two of these continue to exist as a princely territory within the current independent republic of Indonesia. The four Javanese princely states were: * Surakarta, a sunanate to the north * Yogyakarta, the sultanate to the south * Mangkunegaran, a principality to the east * Pakualaman, a small principality largely enclosed within the area of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta These princely territories were successor states to the Mataram Sultanate and originated in civil wars and wars of succession within the Javanese nobility. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Javanese Wars Of Succession
The Javanese Wars of Succession were three military confrontations between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Mataram Sultanate on central Java between 1703 and 1755. The hereditary succession in Maratam was at stake, prompting the VOC to field its own candidates in an attempt to gain more influence in central and eastern Java. At the end of the Javanese Wars of Succession, Mataram was carved into three weak ''Vorstenlanden'' ("Princely Lands"), independent in name only, as a consequence of the divide and rule policy of the VOC. Overview The Trunajaya rebellion (1674–1681) lay the seed for the Javanese Wars of Succession. During this uprising, sultan Amangkurat I of Mataram died in 1677, causing a war of succession to break out between his sons Rahmat (Amangkurat II) and Puger (Pakubuwono I). Puger surrendered in 1681 and recognised his brother as the rightful sultan, but when the latter died in 1703, he disputed his brother's succession by his son Amangkurat III, whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surakarta Sunanate
Surakarta Sunanate ( id, Kasunanan Surakarta; jv, ꦟꦒꦫꦶꦑꦱꦸꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀, ''Kasunanan/Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat''; nl, Soerakarta) was a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of Surakarta, in the province of Central Java, Indonesia. The Surakarta Kraton was established in 1745 by Pakubuwono II. Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta Sultanate are together the successors of Mataram Sultanate. Unlike their counterparts in Yogyakarta, who use the title of sultan, the rulers of Surakarta use the title of sunan. The Dutch name was used during Dutch colonial rule until the 1940s. The title is sometimes anglicized as the , from the location of their palace. History After Sultan Agung I, the power and prestige of Sultanate of Mataram was declining due to a power struggle and conflict of succession within the royal family. The VOC (Dutch East India Company) exploited the power struggle to increase its control on Java, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princely Highness
(His) Princely Highness is the English rendering of (Zijne) Vorstelijke Hoogheid, a very rare style of address awarded by the colonial authorities of the Dutch East Indies (present Indonesia) to very few major Sultans on Java. The word Vorst at its root is ambivalent in Dutch, used for either a ruler of the low rank title equivalent to German Fürst or as generic term for ruler, never for a non-ruling prince of the blood. Apparently the style reflected the equally rare status of '' Vorstenland'' 'princely land', which distinguished the Susuhunan (a higher, pre-Islamic title of this Sultan) of Surakarta (which also enjoyed the privilege of a 19-guns salute, who was explicitly granted the style, reportedly in the atrocious misspelling ''Zeine Vorstelijke Hoogheid'', on 21 January 1932) and plausibly to the Sultan of Yogyakarta, two of the successor states to the Islamic Mataram Sultanate on Java, from the ''Gouvernementslanden'' '(colonial) government countries' to which all other Reg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princely State
A princely state (also called native state or Indian state) was a nominally sovereign entity of the British Indian Empire that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule, subject to a subsidiary alliance and the suzerainty or paramountcy of the British crown. There were officially 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, but the great majority had contracted with the viceroy to provide public services and tax collection. Only 21 had actual state governments, and only four were large ( Hyderabad State, Mysore State, Jammu and Kashmir State, and Baroda State). They acceded to one of the two new independent nations between 1947 and 1949. All the princes were eventually pensioned off. At the time of the British withdrawal, 565 princely states were officially recognised in the Indian subcontinent, apart from thousands of zamindari estates and jagirs. In 1947, princely states covered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. During the 19th century, the Dutch possessions and hegemony expanded, reaching the greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. The Dutch East Indies was one of the most valuable colonies under European rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th centuries. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjects. The term ''Indonesia'' came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mangkunegaran
The Duchy of Mangkunegaran ( id, Kadipaten Mangkunegaran) is a small Javanese princely state located within the region of Surakarta in Indonesia. It was established in 1757 by Raden Mas Said, when he submitted his army to Pakubuwono III in February, and swore allegiance to the rulers of Surakarta, Yogyakarta, and the Dutch East Indies Company, and was given an appanage of 4000 households. The Palace of the rulers of Mangkunegaran was established by Raden Mas Said who signed a treaty with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1757. By virtue of the treaty, he became the ruler of a part of Eastern Mataram and was henceforth known as Mangkunegara I. Known as ''Pura Mangkunegaran'', the palace is located in the center of the city of Solo. List of rulers * Mangkunegara I (Raden Mas Said), 17571796 * Mangkunegara II (Raden Mas Sulama), 17961835 * Mangkunegara III, 18351853 * Mangkunegara IV, 18531881 * Mangkunegara V, 18811896 * Mangkunegara VI, 18961916 * Mangkunegara VII ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pakualaman
The Duchy of Pakualaman ( jv, ꦏꦢꦶꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦦꦏꦸꦮꦭꦩ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀, Kadipatèn Pakualaman; also written Paku Alaman; Dutch-spelling: Pakoe-alaman) is a minor Javanese princely state within the Sultanate of Yogyakarta.} It was created in 1812 when Natakusuma (later Duke Paku Alam I) was rewarded for helping the British quell the conflict in Yogyakarta in June 1812. It became the mirror-image of Mangkunegaran in the territory of the Surakarta Sunanate. A Pakualaman Corps of 100 cavalry (later 50 cavalry and 100 infantry) was established, but was never to become as significant as the Mangkunegaran Legion, and disbanded in 1892. Due to Paku Alam VIII's role in the Indonesian independence movement, a law was passed to allow the position of vice-governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region to be filled hereditarily by the reigning Duke Paku Alam at any particular time, while the Sultans of Yogyakarta fills the role of Governor on hereditary basis. Etymology The na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cultivation System
The Cultivation System ( nl, cultuurstelsel) was a Dutch government policy from 1830–1870 for its Dutch East Indies colony (now Indonesia). Requiring a portion of agricultural production to be devoted to export crops, it is referred to by Indonesian historians as ''tanam paksa'' ("enforced planting"). Background Despite increasing returns from the Dutch system of land tax, Dutch finances had been severely affected by the cost of the Java War and Padri Wars. The Belgian Revolution in 1830 and the resulting costs of keeping the Dutch army at a war footing until 1839 brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. In 1830, a new governor general, Johannes van den Bosch, was appointed to increase the exploitation of the Dutch East Indies' resources. The Cultivation System was implemented only on land controlled directly by the colonial government, thus exempting the ''Vorstenlanden'' (princely states) and the ''particuliere landerijen'' (private domains). Implementation Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Particuliere Landerijen
The ''particuliere landerijen'' or ''particuliere landen'' (Dutch for 'private domains'; singular ''particuliere landerij'' or ''particuliere land''), also called ''tanah partikelir'' in Indonesian, were landed domains in a feudal system of land tenure used in parts of the Java). Dutch jurists described these domains as ‘sovereign’ and of comparable legal status to indirectly-ruled ''Vorstenlanden'' rincely statesin the Indies subject to the Dutch Crown. The lord of such a domain was called a ''Landheer'' utch for 'landlord' and by law possessed ''landsheerlijke rechten'' or ''hak-hak ketuanan'' eigniorial jurisdictionover the inhabitants of his domain — jurisdiction exercised elsewhere by the central government. History The Dutch East India Company, which claimed to have succeeded to the rights of the ancient kings of Java, created and sold the earliest particuliere landen for the Company's high-ranking officials, compradors and allies between the 1620s and its bankr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mataram 1830-en , alternatively Mataram Airport
{{disambiguation, geo ...
Mataram may refer to: *Mataram Kingdom (716–1016), a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Java *Mataram Sultanate ( 1586–1755), a Javanese Islamic kingdom which later was a protectorate of Dutch East Indies *House of Mataram, dynasty or family that occupies the throne of the Mataram Sultanate *Mataram (city), a city on the Indonesian island of Lombok, the capital of West Nusa Tenggara province See also *Selaparang Airport Selaparang Airport , was the sole airport serving the island of Lombok and the city of Mataram, the capital of the province of West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia until its closure on 30 September 2011. The IATA code ''AMI'' came from the nearby port ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Indonesian Monarchies
This is a list of monarchy, monarchies, past and present, in Indonesia. A * Aceh Sultanate, Aceh: In the northern region of Sumatra, the Sultanate of Achin or Atjeh was founded at the end of the 15th century. A powerful Islamic state in the 16th and 17th centuries. * Adonara: A state on the volcanic island of the same name ... * Amabi: A state in West Timor (Timor Loro Manu) which formed in 1917 the larger Kupang state ... * Amanatun: A state in West Timor (Timor Loro Manu). The sovereignty was altered in 1962. The palace of the Raja moved from Nunkolo to SoE in 1952 ... * Amanuban: A state in West Timor (Timor Loro Manu). The palace of the Raja is called Sonaf Naik (Big Palace) ... * Amarasi: A state in West Timor (Timor Loro Manu) ... * Ambeno, Ambenu, Ambeno Mosu Talip: A state in West Timor ... * Arun, Sumatra, Arun: A state more or less vassal of the Sultanate of Aceh, in the Meureudu area of Sumatra. The state was part of the Federation of the XII Hulubalangs ... * Asahan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indosphere
Indosphere is a term coined by the linguist James Matisoff for areas of Indian linguistic and cultural influence in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is commonly used in areal linguistics in contrast with Sinosphere. Influence The Tibeto-Burman family of languages, which extends over a huge geographic range, is characterized by great typological diversity, comprising languages that range from the highly tonal, monosyllabic, analytic type with practically no affixational morphology, like the Loloish languages, to marginally tonal or atonal languages with complex systems of verbal agreement morphology, like the Kiranti group of Nepal. This diversity is partly to be explained in terms of areal influences from Chinese on the one hand and Indo-Aryan languages on the other. Matisoff proposed two large and overlapping areas combining cultural and linguistic features – the "Sinosphere" and the "Indosphere", influenced by China and India respectively.Robert M. W. Dixon, Y. Ale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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