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Ultrasound Avoidance
Ultrasound avoidance is an escape or avoidance reflex displayed by certain animal species that are preyed upon by echolocating predators. Ultrasound avoidance is known for several groups of insects that have independently evolved mechanisms for ultrasonic hearing. Insects have evolved a variety of ultrasound-sensitive ears based upon a vibrating tympanic membrane tuned to sense the bat's echolocating calls. The ultrasonic hearing is coupled to a motor response that causes evasion of the bat during flight. Although ultrasonic signals are used for echolocation by toothed whales, no known examples of ultrasonic avoidance in their prey have been found to date. Ultrasonic hearing has evolved multiple times in insects: a total of 19 times. Bats appeared in the Eocene era, (about 50 million years ago); anti-bat tactics should have evolved then. Antibat tactics are known in four orders of Insecta: moths (Lepidoptera), crickets (Orthoptera), mantises ( Dictyoptera), and green lacewings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Animal Echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is a biological active sonar used by several animal groups, both in the air and underwater. Echolocating animals emit calls and listen to the Echo (phenomenon) , echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for animal navigation , navigation, foraging, and predation, hunting prey. Echolocation calls can be Frequency modulation, frequency modulated (FM, varying in pitch during the call) or constant frequency (CF). FM offers precise range discrimination to localize the prey, at the cost of reduced operational range. CF allows both the prey's velocity and its movements to be detected by means of the Doppler effect. FM may be best for close, cluttered environments, while CF may be better in open environments or for hunting while perched. Echolocating animals include mammals, especially odontocetes (toothed whales) and some bat species, and, using s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sensory Receptors
Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded receptor potentials. This process is called sensory transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. The sensory information travels on the afferent nerve fibers in a sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal cord. Spinal nerves transmit external sensations via sensory nerves to the brain through the spinal cord. The stimulus can come from exteroreceptors outside the body, for example those that detect light and sound, or from interoreceptors inside the body, for example those that are responsive to blood pressure or the sense of body position. Types and function Sensory neurons in vertebrates are predominantly pseudounipolar or bipolar, and different types of sensory neurons have different sensory receptors that respond to di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Nyctophilus Geoffroyi
''Nyctophilus geoffroyi'' is a vespertilionid bat. a flying nocturnal mammal found in Australia, The species is relatively common. They have been referred to as the lesser long-eared bat. Taxonomy It is the type species of genus ''Nyctophilus''. Molecular data indicate Vespertilionidae, the family to which the lesser long-eared bat belongs, diverged from the family Molossidae (free-tailed bats) in the early Eocene period. The family is thought to have originated somewhere in Laurasia, possibly North America. The genus ''Nyctophilus'' itself has a limited fossil record, dating back only to the Pleistocene. Australian Museum The species was recognised by Oldfield Thomas in his examinations of the genus, and indicated the diversity by three subspecies, * ''Nyctophilus geoffroyi'', Leach 1821, Noted as 1822 by the au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Teleogryllus Oceanicus
''Teleogryllus oceanicus'', commonly known as the Australian, Pacific or oceanic field cricket, is a cricket found across Oceania and in coastal Australia from Carnarvon in Western Australia and Rockhampton in north-east Queensland Otte, D. & Alexander, R.D. 1983. ''The Australian Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)''. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA ''T. oceanicus'' populations in Hawaii arose through human-assisted introduction. It is currently unknown whether ''T. oceanicus'' was introduced to Hawaii in 1877 by area trade ships, or 1500 years ago with the original Polynesian settlers. Microsatellite comparisons support the idea that the Hawaiian ''T. oceanicus'' colonization originated in the Western islands and then spread East. ''T. oceanicus'' crickets are black to dark brown in coloration with longitudinal stripes on the back of the head. Males average between 28 and 35 mm in length, and the females are typically longer due to the ovipo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Command Neuron
A command neuron is an interneuron whose excitation is both necessary and sufficient to evoke a behavior. These criteria are often tested by: # Recording the activity of the command neuron during stimulus presentation that triggers a given behavior. # Showing that the behavior cannot be evoked after removal of the command neuron (necessary). # Stimulation of the command neuron can elicit the behavior (sufficient). In some cases, a group of interneurons together form a command system while the individual members, known as command-like neurons, may not satisfy both the necessity and sufficiency criteria. History The term command neuron first appeared in a 1964 paper titled "Interneurons Commanding Swimmeret Movements in the Crayfish", by CAG Wiersma and K Ikeda in volume 12 of ''Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology'' vol 12 on pp 509–525 Wiersma and Ikeda used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Teleogryllus
''Teleogryllus''Chopard L (1961)960 ''Eos'' 37(3): 277. is a genus of crickets in the family Gryllidae. Species can be found in Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific islands. Species The following are listed in ''Orthoptera Species File Online'': ;subgenus ''Afroteleogryllus'' Gorochov, 1988 #'' Teleogryllus clarus'' Gorochov, 1988 #''Teleogryllus latifrons'' (Karsch, 1893) #'' Teleogryllus lemur'' Gorochov, 1990 #'' Teleogryllus leucostomus'' (Serville, 1838) #'' Teleogryllus trivialis'' Gorochov, 1990 ;subgenus ''Brachyteleogryllus'' Gorochov, 1988 #'' Teleogryllus boninensis'' Matsuura, 1984 #''Teleogryllus commodus'' (Walker, 1869) #'' Teleogryllus emma'' (Ohmachi & Matsuura, 1951) #'' Teleogryllus infernalis'' (Saussure, 1877) ynonym ''T. yezoemma'' (Ohmachi & Matsuura, 1951)#''Teleogryllus occipitalis'' (Serville, 1838) #'' Teleogryllus rohinae'' Jaiswara & Jain, 2021 ;subgenus ''Cryncoides'' Gorochov, 1988 #'' Teleogryllus longelytrum'' (Gorochov, 1988) ;subgenus ''Macro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain, spinal cord and retina. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilateria, bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and Coelenterata, diploblasts. It is a structure composed of nervous tissue positioned along the Anatomical_terms_of_location#Rostral,_cranial,_and_caudal, rostral (nose end) to caudal (tail end) axis of the body and may have an enlarged section at the rostral end which is a brain. Only arthropods, cephalopods and vertebrates have a true brain, though precursor structures exist in onychophorans, gastropods and lancelets. The rest of this article exclusively discusses the vertebrate central nervous system, which is radically distinct from all other animals. Overview In vertebrates, the brain and spinal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that allows a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or a target effector cell. Synapses can be classified as either chemical or electrical, depending on the mechanism of signal transmission between neurons. In the case of electrical synapses, neurons are coupled bidirectionally with each other through gap junctions and have a connected cytoplasmic milieu. These types of synapses are known to produce synchronous network activity in the brain, but can also result in complicated, chaotic network level dynamics. Therefore, signal directionality cannot always be defined across electrical synapses. Chemical synapses, on the other hand, communicate through neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. Upon release, these neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, inducing an electrical or chemical response in the target neuron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Tonotopic
In physiology, tonotopy (from Greek tono = frequency and topos = place) is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain. Tones close to each other in terms of frequency are represented in topologically neighbouring regions in the brain. Tonotopic maps are a particular case of topographic organization, similar to retinotopy in the visual system. Tonotopy in the auditory system begins at the cochlea, the small snail-like structure in the inner ear that sends information about sound to the brain. Different regions of the basilar membrane in the organ of Corti, the sound-sensitive portion of the cochlea, vibrate at different sinusoidal frequencies due to variations in thickness and width along the length of the membrane. Nerves that transmit information from different regions of the basilar membrane therefore encode frequency tonotopically. This tonotopy then projects through the vestibulocochlear nerve and associated midbrain structures ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Negative Phonotaxis
A taxis (; : taxes ) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food. Taxes are innate behavioural responses. A taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that in the case of taxis, the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source. It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus. Taxis can be positive (moving towards the stimulus) or negative (moving away from the stimulus). Classification Taxes are classified based on the type of stimulus, and on whether the organism's response is to move towards or away from the stimulus. If the organism moves towards the stimulus the taxis are positive, while if it moves away the taxis are negative. For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus ''Euglena'' move towards a light source. This reaction or behavior is called ''positi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Hoy Crickets
Hoy may refer to: People Given name * Hoy Menear (died 2023), American politician * Hoy Phallin (born 1995), Cambodian footballer * Hoy Wong (1920–2009), American bartender Surname * Hoy (surname), a Scottish and Irish surname * Høy, a Danish and Norwegian surname Places * Hoy, Iran, usually romanized Khoy * Hoy (Lake Constance), an uninhabited island in Lake Constance, Germany * Hoy, Orkney, an island in Orkney, Scotland ** Hoy (hamlet), a location on the Orkney island of the same name * Hoy, Shetland, a small island in the Shetland Islands, Scotland * Hoy Sound, north of the island of Hoy, Orkney * Hoy, West Virginia, United States, an unincorporated community Music * "Hoy", the Spanish title for "Wrapped" (Gloria Estefan song), a song by Gloria Estefan from her 2003 album ''Unwrapped'' * "Hoy", a song by Julieta Venegas from the 2013 album ''Los Momentos'' * "Hoy", a song by Maluma from the 2012 album '' Magia'' * "Hoy", a song by Miranda! from the 2004 album ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
