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Transgenic Plant
Genetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of '' Agrobacterium'' for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. Many plant cells are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and then under the right conditions form a new plant. This ability is most often taken advantage by genetic engineers through selecting cells that can successfully be transformed into an adult plant which can then be grown into multiple new plants containing transgene in every cell through a process known as tissue culture. Research Much of the advances in the field genetic engineering has come from experimentation with tobacco. Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco. It was the first pl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agrobacterium
''Agrobacterium'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria established by Harold J. Conn, H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' is the most commonly studied species in this genus. ''Agrobacterium'' is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for genetic engineering. Nomenclatural history Leading up to the 1990s, the genus ''Agrobacterium'' was used as a wastebasket taxon. With the advent of 16S ribosomal RNA, 16S sequencing, many ''Agrobacterium'' species (especially the marine species) were reassigned to genera such as ''Ahrensia'', ''Pseudorhodobacter'', ''Ruegeria'', and ''Stappia''. The remaining ''Agrobacterium'' species were assigned to three biovars: biovar 1 (''Agrobacterium tumefaciens''), biovar 2 (''Agrobacterium rhizogenes''), and biovar 3 (''Agrobacterium vitis''). In the early 2000s, ''Agrobacterium'' was synonymized with the g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nutrient Profiling
Nutrient profiling, also nutritional profiling, is the science of classifying or ranking foods by their nutritional composition in order to promote health and prevent disease. A common use of nutrient profiling is in the creation of nutritional rating systems to help consumers identify nutritious food. A variety of nutrient profile models have been developed by academics, health organizations, national governments and the food industry. The development or selection of a model to use in food policy decisions is important, as different models can lead to different classifications of the same foods. See also *Junk food *Nutrition facts label The nutrition facts label (also known as the nutrition information panel, and other slight variations) is a label required on most convenience food, packaged food in many countries, showing what nutrients and other ingredients (to limit and get e ... References {{reflist Nutrition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbicide
Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.EPA. February 201Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates. Summary in press releasMain page for EPA reports on pesticide use ihere Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscriminately. The combined effects of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and improved cultivars has increased yields (per acre) of major crops by three to six times from 1900 to 2000. In the United States in 2012, about 91% of all herbicide usage, was determined by weight applied, in agriculture. In 2012, world pesticide expenditures totaled nearly US$24.7 billion; herbicides were about 44% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by insecticides, fungicides, and fumigants. Herbicide is also used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in the cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output. , small farms produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent. The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland. Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than . However, five of every six farm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papaya
The papaya (, ), papaw, () or pawpaw () is the plant species ''Carica papaya'', one of the 21 accepted species in the genus '' Carica'' of the family Caricaceae, and also the name of its fruit. It was first domesticated in Mesoamerica, within modern-day southern Mexico and Central America. It is grown in several countries in regions with a tropical climate. In 2022, India produced 38% of the world's supply of papayas. Etymology The word ''papaya'' derives from the Caribbean Taíno "paapaía" and is also the name for the plant. Some etymologists argue that the word comes from the Mayan "páapay-ya", which means "mottled sapote". However, the most commonly accepted etymology is the Taíno one, although it is possible that both word origins are interrelated. The name ''papaw'' or ''pawpaw'' is used alternatively for the fruit only in some regions, that name generally referring to ''Asimina triloba'', an unrelated tree and fruit. Description The papaya is a small, sparsely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papaya Ringspot Virus
''Papaya ringspot virus'' (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus ''Potyvirus'' and the virus family ''Potyviridae'' which primarily infects the papaya tree. The virus is a non-enveloped, flexuous rod-shaped particle that is between 760–800 nm long and 12 nm in diameter. It is transmitted between plants by mechanical activities like pruning and by numerous aphid species such as ''Myzus persicae''. No seed transmission has been detected. There are two major types of this virus, but both are serologically indistinguishable and are so closely genetically related that they are now considered the same virus species. The type that gave the virus its name are the Type P isolates (PRSV-P). This type infects papaya and several members of the melon family (Cucurbitaceae). The other type, Type W isolates (PRSV-W), does not infect papaya. Isolates of PRSV-W do infect cucurbits such as watermelon, cucumber, and squash and were originally known as ''Watermelon mosa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platanus
''Platanus'' ( ) is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae. All mature members of ''Platanus'' are tall, reaching in height. The type species of the genus is the Oriental plane ''Platanus orientalis''. All except for ''Platanus kerrii, P. kerrii'' are deciduous, and most are found in riparian or other wetland habitat (ecology), habitats in the wild, though proving drought-tolerant in cultivation. The hybrid London plane (''Platanus × hispanica'') has proved particularly tolerant of urban conditions, and has been widely planted in London and elsewhere across the temperate world. They are often known in English as planes or plane trees. A formerly used name that is now rare is plantain tree (not to be confused with Plantain (other), other, unrelated, species with the name). Some North American species are called sycamores (especially ''Platanus occidentalis''), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratocystis Platani
''Ceratocystis platani'' is a fungus that causes a disease on Platanus, plane trees in the genus ''Platanus'', mostly in North America and Southern Europe. Description ''Ceratocystis platani'' is believed to be native to southeastern USA. The fungus was previously considered to be part of the ''Ceratocystis fimbriata'' species complex as ''Ceratocystis fimbriata'' f. ''platani''.Rapid Pest Risk Analysis for Ceratocystis platani , Food and Environment Research Agency, FERA, retrieved 27 February 2014 It was elevated to the level of species in 2005. Canker stain ''Ceratocystis platani'' causes a disease in Platanus, plane trees known as "Canker stain of plane" (UK English) or "Canker of sycamore" (US English).[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emerald Ash Borer
The emerald ash borer (''Agrilus planipennis''), also known by the abbreviation EAB, is a green buprestid or jewel beetle native to north-eastern Asia that feeds on ash trees, ash species (''Fraxinus'' spp.). Females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees, and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years. In its native range, it is typically found at low densities and does not cause significant damage to trees native to the area. Outside its native range, it is an invasive species and is highly destructive to ash trees native to Europe and North America. Before it was found in North America, very little was known about the emerald ash borer in its native range; this has resulted in much of the research on its biology being focused in North America. Local governments in North America are attempting to control it by monitoring its spread, diversifying tree species, and through the use of insecticides and biological control. History French ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petunia
''Petunia'' is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word , 'tobacco', from a Tupi–Guarani language. A tender perennial plant, most of the varieties seen in gardens are Hybrid (biology), hybrids (Petunia × atkinsiana, ''Petunia'' × ''atkinsiana'', also known as ''Petunia'' × ''hybrida''). Taxonomy ''Petunia'' is a genus in the Family (biology), family Solanaceae, subfamily Petunioideae. Well known members of Solanaceae in other subfamilies include Nicotiana tabacum, tobacco (subfamily Nicotianoideae), and Physalis peruviana, the cape gooseberry, tomato, potato, Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade and Capsicum, chili pepper (subfamily Solanoideae). Some botanists place the plants of the genus ''Calibrachoa'' in the genus ''Petunia'', but this is not accepted by others. ''Petchoa'' is a hybrid genus derived from crossing ''Calibrachoa'' and ''Petunia''. Spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums ( ), sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants in the Asteraceae family. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia, and the center of diversity is in China. Countless horticultural varieties and cultivars exist. Description The genus ''Chrysanthemum'' are perennial herbaceous flowering plants, sometimes subshrubs. The leaves are alternate, divided into leaflets and may be pinnatisect, lobed, or serrate (toothed) but rarely entire; they are connected to stalks with hairy bases. The compound inflorescence is an array of several flower heads, or sometimes a solitary head. The head has a base covered in layers of phyllaries. The simple row of ray florets is white, yellow, or red. The disc florets are yellow. Pollen grains are approximately 34 microns. The fruit is a ribbed achene. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
