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Transform The Colony Into An Overseas Department
The Law on Departmentalization () is a French law adopted in 1946 that established the "four vieilles colonies" (old colonies) of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, and French Guiana as overseas departments of France. The law was unanimously adopted following a proposal by Aimé Césaire, the youngest deputy from Overseas France. It symbolically and practically marked the integration of these territories. These regions were thereby removed from the French colonial empire and came under the administration of prefects reporting to the French Ministry of the Interior. Drafting of the Law The Law on Departmentalization originated from several legislative proposals. The first, presented by Léopold Bissol, pertained to Martinique. The second, proposed by Gaston Monnerville, concerned French Guiana. The third, by Raymond Vergès, addressed Réunion, and the last, focused on Guadeloupe, was submitted by Eugénie Éboué-Tell. Text of the Law From the Official Journal of the Fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Departments
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (, ) is one of the three levels of government under the national level ("territorial collectivity, territorial collectivities"), between the Regions of France, administrative regions and the Communes of France, communes. There are a total of 101 departments, consisting of ninety-six departments in metropolitan France, and five Overseas department and region, overseas departments, which are also classified as overseas regions. Departments are further subdivided into 333 Arrondissements of France, arrondissements and 2,054 Cantons of France, cantons (as of 2023). These last two levels of government have no political autonomy, instead serving as the administrative basis for the local organisation of police, fire departments, and, in certain cases, elections. Each department is administered by an elected body called a departmental council (France), departmental council ( , ). From 1800 to April 2015, these were called gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Ministry Of The Interior
Minister of the Interior (, ) is the interior minister of French government, traditionally responsible for internal security and territorial administration. The minister ensures the maintenance and cohesion of the country's institutions throughout the territory. The current Minister of the Interior is Bruno Retailleau, who has held the position since September 21, 2024. Responsibilities The Minister of the Interior is responsible for the following: * The general interior security of the country, with respect to criminal acts or natural catastrophes ** including the major law-enforcement forces *** the National Police *** the National Gendarmerie for its police operations since 2009; as a part of the French Armed Forces, the Gendarmerie is administratively under the purview of the Ministry of Armed Forces ** General directorate for civil defence and crisis management (Sécurité Civile) *** the directorate of Firefighters ( Sapeurs-Pompiers) * the granting of identity docume ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1940s In Overseas France
Year 194 ( CXCIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Septimius and Septimius (or, less frequently, year 947 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 194 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar became a Roman Consul. * Battle of Issus: Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia, and defeats Pescennius Niger, Roman governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch, and is executed by Severus' troops. * Septimius Severus besieges Byzantium (194–196); the city walls suffer extensive damage. Asia * Battle of Yan Province: Warlords Cao Cao and Lü Bu fight for control over Yan Province; the battle lasts for over 100 days. * First year of the ''Xingping'' era during the Han Dynasty in Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Administrative Law
Administrative law is a division of law governing the activities of executive branch agencies of government. Administrative law includes executive branch rulemaking (executive branch rules are generally referred to as "regulations"), adjudication, and the enforcement of laws. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. Administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government that are part of the executive branch in such areas as international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration, and transport. Administrative law expanded greatly during the 20th century, as legislative bodies worldwide created more government agencies to regulate the social, economic and political spheres of human interaction. Civil law countries often have specialized administrative courts that review these decisions. In the last fifty years, administrative law, in many countries of the civil law tradition, has opened itself ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of Overseas France
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a legislature, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or by judges' decisions, which form precedent in common law jurisdictions. An autocrat may exercise those functions within their realm. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people. Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overseas Departments Of France
The overseas departments and regions of France (, ; DROM) are the five departments and regions of the French Republic which are located outside European France (also known as "metropolitan France"). These overseas entities have exactly the same status as European France's departments and regions. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, and tax laws etc.) apply to French overseas departments and regions the same way as in metropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas departments and regions cannot themselves pass new laws. On occasion, referendums are undertaken to re-assess the sentiment in local status. Since March 2011, the five overseas departments and regions of France are: * French Guiana in South America, a part of The Guianas; * Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea, a part of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Departmentalization Of Mayotte
Departmentalization (or departmentalisation) refers to the process of "grouping the organizational activities and structure into departments". Division of labour creates specialists who need coordination and the coordination is facilitated by grouping specialists together in departments. Popular types of departmentalization * Functional departmentalization - Functional departmentalization is "characterized by the arrangement of a bank’s activities along functional lines such as accounting, marketing, human resource management, training and development, research and development, among others". * Product departmentalization - Production, marketing, and often accounting activities related to one product are grouped under one department, with the product manager as the supervisor. * Customer departmentalization - Recognition of the unique needs of individuals, groups, or customers, coupled with management's commitment to reflecting that uniqueness in the delivery of products and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Le Troquer
André Le Troquer (27 October 1884 – 11 November 1963) was a French politician and socialist lawyer. He served as president of the National Assembly from 12 January 1954 to 10 January 1955, and a second time from 24 January 1956 to 4 October 1958. Biography Elected deputy of Paris in 1936, he sat on the National Assembly from 1945 to 1958. André Le Troquer spoke out against the demands of the armistice of June 1940. In 1942, with Félix Gouin, he defended Léon Blum André Léon Blum (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister of France. As a Jew, he was heavily influenced by the Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century. He was a disciple of socialist l ... during the Process of Riom. He sat on the Consultative Assembly of Algiers, Consultative Assembly of Algiers before being named commissioner of War. He was at the side of Charles de Gaulle at the liberation of Paris. In 1945, Le Troquer became minister of the i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marius Moutet
Marius Moutet (19 April 1876 – 29 October 1968) was a French Socialist diplomat and colonial adviser. An expert in colonial issues, he served as Minister of the Colonies for four terms in the 1930s and 1940s and was president of the General council of the Drôme department after the war until 1951. He was sympathetic to Ho Chi Minh and advocated the independence of Vietnam. At the age of 92, Moutet was the oldest member of the Senate of France and the French Assembly. Early years Moutet was born in Nîmes, Gard in 1876. He came from a mixed Protestant-Catholic family of Rhône valley wine merchants. He studied at the Lycée of Macon and then at the Lycée Henri IV, in Paris. He was a member of the Socialist Students in Lyon, and the Independent Socialists in 1895. Career After becoming a lawyer, he was a delegate from the Rhône department to the second organization of French socialists' congress held in Wagram in September 1900. Five years later, he was a delegate f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Félix Gouin
Félix Gouin (; 5 October 1884 – 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). Personal life Félix Gouin was born in Peypin, Bouches-du-Rhône, the son of school teachers. He studied law in Aix-en-Provence. In 1940 he was among the minority of parliamentarians refusing to grant full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain. During the war, he was part of the central committee which reconstituted the Human Rights League and also co-founded the Brutus Network, a Socialist Resistance group. In 1946, he then succeeded Charles de Gaulle as head of the French Provisional Government. Gouin's tenure was arguably most notable for seeing the enactment of France's first ever compulsory, amply funded retirement and worker's compensation laws. In addition, both the 40-hour law and overtime pay were re-established, while the comites d'entreprise (works councils) were extended to firms with 50 workers. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Official Journal Of The French Republic
An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless of whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior or employer, public or legally private). An elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election. Officials may also be appointed ''ex officio'' (by virtue of another office, often in a specified capacity, such as presiding, advisory, secretary). Some official positions may be inherited. A person who currently holds an office is referred to as an incumbent. Something "official" refers to something endowed with governmental or other authoritative recognition or mandate, as in official language, official gazette, or official scorer. Etymology The word ''official'' as a noun has been recorded since the Middle English period, first seen in 1314. It comes from the Old French ' (12th century), from the Latin">-4; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugénie Éboué-Tell
Eugenie Eboue-Tell (23 November 1891 in Cayenne, French Guiana – 20 November 1972 in Pontoise, France) was a politician from French Guiana who was elected to the French Senate in 1946 and reelected in 1948. She was the first black woman elected to the French National Assembly. She was the widow of Félix Éboué. Biography Origins, studies, resistance She is the daughter of Hypollite Herménégilde Tell, director of the Cayenne penal colony. She completed part of her studies at the high school for young girls in Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) and obtained the certificate of pedagogical aptitude1. She returned to Guyana in 1911 and became a teacher2, in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. She married Félix Éboué on June 14, 1922, and in 1923 left to live with him in Oubangui-Chari, the current Central African Republic, where they remained until 1931. Thanks to her musical knowledge, she helped him to decipher the drummed and whistled language of the Banda and Mandja populations. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
