Trametinib
Trametinib, sold under the brand name Mekinist among others, is an anticancer medication used for the treatment of melanoma and glioma. It is a MEK inhibitor drug with anti-cancer activity. It inhibits MEK1 and MEK2. It is taken by mouth. The most common side effects include rash, diarrhea, tiredness, peripheral edema (swelling, especially of ankles and feet), nausea and acneiform dermatitis (acne-like inflammation of the skin). When taken in combination with dabrafenib the most common side effects include fever, tiredness, nausea, chills, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, joint pain and rash. In May 2013, trametinib was approved as a single-agent by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of people with V600E mutated metastatic melanoma. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in June 2014. Medical uses Trametinib, as monotherapy or in combination with dabrafenib is indicated for the treatment of melanoma and glioma. History Clinical trial data d ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Dabrafenib
Dabrafenib, sold under the brand name Tafinlar among others, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of cancers associated with a mutated version of the gene BRAF (gene), BRAF. Dabrafenib acts as an enzyme inhibitor, inhibitor of the associated enzyme B-Raf, which plays a role in the regulation of cell growth. The most common side effects include papilloma (warts), headache, nausea, vomiting, hyperkeratosis (thickening and toughening of the skin), hair loss, rash, joint pain, fever and tiredness. When taken in combination with trametinib, the most common side effects include fever, tiredness, nausea, chills, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, joint pain and rash. Dabrafenib was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2013, and in the European Union in August 2013. Medical uses Dabrafenib is indicated as a single agent for the treatment of people with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. Dabrafenib is indicated, in combination wit ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Melanoma
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye (uveal melanoma). In very rare cases melanoma can also happen in the lung which is known as primary pulmonary melanoma and only happens in 0.01% of primary lung tumors. In women, melanomas most commonly occur on the legs; while in men, on the back. Melanoma is frequently referred to as malignant melanoma. However, the medical community stresses that there is no such thing as a 'benign melanoma' and recommends that the term 'malignant melanoma' should be avoided as redundant. About 25% of melanomas develop from nevus, moles. Changes in a mole that can indicate melanoma include increaseespecially rapid increasein size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or nevus#Classification, skin breakdown. The primary cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in th ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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MEK Inhibitor
A MEK inhibitor is a chemical or drug that inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase enzymes MEK1 and/or MEK2. They can be used to affect the MAPK/ERK pathway which is often overactive in some cancers. (See MAPK/ERK pathway#Clinical significance.) Hence MEK inhibitors have potential for treatment of some cancers, especially BRAF-mutated melanoma, and KRAS/BRAF mutated colorectal cancer. Approved for clinical use * Binimetinib (MEK162), approved by the FDA in June 2018 in combination with encorafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic BRAF V600E or V600K mutation-positive melanoma. * Cobimetinib or XL518, approved by US FDA in Nov 2015 for use in combination with vemurafenib (Zelboraf(R)), for treatment of advanced melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation. * Selumetinib, had a phase 2 clinical trial for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which demonstrated an improvement in PFS, and is now in phase III development in KRAS mutation pos ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Waldmann Disease
Waldmann disease, also known as Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia (PIL), is a rare disease characterized by enlargement of the lymph vessels supplying the lamina propria of the small intestine. Although its prevalence is unknown, it being classified as a "rare disease" means that less than 200,000 of the population of the United States are affected by this condition and its subtypes and there have been approximately 50 reported cases of adult-onset PIL since 1961. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of the disease include diarrhea, nausea, swelling of the legs, protein-losing enteropathy, immunodeficiency and loss of lymphatic fluid into the intestines. It is usually diagnosed before the patient is 3 years old, but it is sometimes diagnosed in adults. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of PIL is centered around the dilation of the lymphatic vessels in the intestinal mucosa, submucosa, and sometimes the mesentery. This dilation impedes the normal flow of lymph from th ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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By Mouth
Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the Human mouth, mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications. Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as Injection (medicine), injection. However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the digestive system, or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients able to swallow. Terminology ''Per os'' (; ''P.O.'') is an adverbial phrase meaning literally from Latin "through the mouth" or "by mouth". The expression is used in medicine to describe a treatment that is taken orally (but not ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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European Medicines Agency
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) in charge of the evaluation and supervision of pharmaceutical products. Prior to 2004, it was known as the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products or European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA).Set up by EC Regulation No. 2309/93 as the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, and renamed by EC Regulation No. 726/2004 to the European Medicines Agency, it had the acronym EMEA until December 2009. The European Medicines Agency does not call itself EMA either – it has no official acronym but may reconsider if EMA becomes commonly accepted (secommunication on new visual identity an). The EMA was set up in 1995, with funding from the European Union and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as indirect subsidy from member states, its stated intention to harmonise (but not replace) the work of existing national medicine regulatory bodies. The hope was that this plan would ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Drugs Developed By GSK Plc
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Classification Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes—groups of related drugs that hav ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Acetanilides
Acetanilide is the organic compound with the formula . It is the N-acetylated derivative of aniline. It is an odourless solid chemical of leaf or flake-like appearance. It is also known as ''N''-phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilid, and was formerly known by the trade name Antifebrin. Preparation and properties Acetanilide can be produced by reacting acetic anhydride with aniline: :C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O → C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH The preparation used to be a traditional experiment in introductory organic chemistry lab classes, but it has now been widely replaced by the preparation of either paracetamol or aspirin, both of which teach the same practical techniques (especially Recrystallization (chemistry), recrystallization of the product) but which avoid the use of aniline, a suspected carcinogen. Acetanilide is slightly soluble in water, and stable under most conditions. Pure crystals are plate shaped and appear colorless, white, or in between. Applications Acetanilide ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Iodobenzene Derivatives
Iodobenzene is an aryl iodide and the simplest of the iodobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one iodine atom. Its chemical formula is . It is useful as a synthetic intermediate in organic chemistry. It is a volatile colorless liquid, although aged samples appear yellowish. Preparation Iodobenzene is commercially available, or it can be prepared in the laboratory from aniline via the diazotization reaction. In the first step, the amine functional group is Diazonium compound, diazotized with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. Potassium iodide is added to the resultant phenyldiazonium chloride, causing nitrogen gas to evolve. The product is separated by steam distillation. : Alternatively, it can be produced by refluxing iodine and nitric acid with benzene. Reactions Since the C–I bond is weaker than C–Br or C–Cl, iodobenzene is more reactive than bromobenzene or chlorobenzene. Iodobenzene reacts readily with magnesium to form the Grignard reagent, ph ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Fluorobenzene Derivatives
Fluorobenzene is an aryl fluoride and the simplest of the fluorobenzenes, with the formula C6H5F, often abbreviated PhF. A colorless liquid, it is a precursor to many fluorophenyl compounds. Preparation PhF was first reported in 1886 by O. Wallach at the University of Bonn, who prepared the compound in two steps. Phenyldiazonium chloride was first converted to a triazene using piperidine: : hN2l + 2 (CH2)5NH → PhN=N-N(CH2)5 + CH2)5NH2l The triazine was then cleaved with hydrofluoric acid: :PhN=N-N(CH2)5 + 2 HF → PhF + N2 + CH2)5NH2 Historical note: in Wallach's era, the element fluorine was symbolized with "Fl". Thus, his procedure is subtitled "Fluorbenzol, C6H5Fl". On the laboratory scale, PhF is prepared by the thermal decomposition of the benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate: :PhN2BF4 → PhF + BF3 + N2 According to the procedure, solid hN2F4 is heated with a flame to initiate an exothermic reaction, which also affords boron trifluoride and ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Cyclopropyl Compounds
A cyclopropyl group is a chemical structure derived from cyclopropane; it is typically produced in a cyclopropanation reaction. The group has an empirical formula of C3H5 and chemical bonds from each of the three carbons to both of the other two. Structure and bonding Due to the unfavoured bond angles (60°), cyclopropyl groups are highly strained. Two orbital models were proposed to describe the bonding situation. The Coulson-Moffit model uses bent bonds. The C-C bonds are formed by overlap of two sp-hybrid orbitals. To adapt to the small bond angle, there is some rehybridization resulting in sp~5-hybrids for the ring bonds and sp~2 for the C-H bonds. This model resembles the banana bond model for C=C double bonds (τ bonds). Alternatively the structure can be explained with the Walsh model. Here the two sp-hybrids forming the ring bond are separated into one sp2-hybrid and one pure p-orbital. This corresponds to the π bond description of C=C double bonds. Cyclopropyl grou ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |