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Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes
The tracheobronchial lymph nodes are lymph nodes that are located around the division of trachea and main bronchi. Structure These lymph nodes form four main groups including paratracheal, tracheobronchial, bronchopulmonary and pulmonary nodes. # ''Paratracheal nodes'' are located on either side of the trachea. # ''Tracheobronchial nodes'' can be divided into three nodes including left and right superior tracheobronchial nodes, and the inferior trachiobronchial node. The two superior tracheobronchial nodes are located on either side of trachea just before its bifurcation. The inferior tracheobronchial node is located just below the bifurcation in the angle between the two bronchi. # ''Bronchopulmonary nodes'' (hilar nodes) situate in the hilum of each lung. # ''Pulmonary nodes'' are embedded the lung substance on the larger branches of the bronchi. The ''afferents'' of the tracheobronchial glands drain the lungs and bronchi, the thoracic part of the trachea and the hear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bronchomediastinal Trunk
The bronchomediastinal lymph trunks are essential components of the human lymphatic system, tasked with draining lymph from the tracheobronchial, internal mammary, and anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Located in the mediastinum, the central part of the thoracic cavity, these trunks form from the convergence of efferent vessels that ascend along the trachea. Typically, there are two trunks - one on each side of the body. The right bronchomediastinal trunk may connect the right lymphatic duct, and the left trunk to the thoracic duct, although more frequently, they open independently into the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian veins on their respective sides. Functionally, the bronchomediastinal lymph trunks are pivotal in transporting lymph, which includes lymphocytes and other immune cells, from the thorax to the bloodstream. This process is crucial for immune surveillance and maintaining fluid balance within the body. Clinically, these trunks are significan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymph Node
A lymph node, or lymph gland, is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the adaptive immune system. A large number of lymph nodes are linked throughout the body by the lymphatic vessels. They are major sites of lymphocytes that include B and T cells. Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the immune system, acting as filters for foreign particles including cancer cells, but have no detoxification function. In the lymphatic system, a lymph node is a secondary lymphoid organ. A lymph node is enclosed in a fibrous capsule and is made up of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Lymph nodes become inflamed or enlarged in various diseases, which may range from trivial throat infections to life-threatening cancers. The condition of lymph nodes is very important in cancer staging, which decides the treatment to be used and determines the prognosis. Lymphadenopathy refers to glands that are enlarged or swollen. When inflamed or enlarged, lymph nodes can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trachea
The trachea (: tracheae or tracheas), also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all animals' lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea, the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying annular ligaments of trachea, ligaments, and by the trachealis muscle at their ends. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing. The trachea begins to form in the second month of embryo development, becoming longer and more fixed in its position over time. Its epithelium is lined with columnar epithelium, column-shaped cells that have hair-like extensions called cilia, with scattered goblet cells that produce protective mucins. The trachea can be affected by inflammation or infection, usua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bronchus
A bronchus ( ; : bronchi, ) is a passage or airway in the lower respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. The first or primary bronchi to branch from the trachea at the carina are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus. These are the widest bronchi, and enter the right lung, and the left lung at each hilum. The main bronchi branch into narrower secondary bronchi or lobar bronchi, and these branch into narrower tertiary bronchi or segmental bronchi. Further divisions of the segmental bronchi are known as 4th order, 5th order, and 6th order segmental bronchi, or grouped together as subsegmental bronchi. The bronchi, when too narrow to be supported by cartilage, are known as bronchioles. No gas exchange takes place in the bronchi. Structure The trachea (windpipe) divides at the carina into two main or primary bronchi, the left bronchus and the right bronchus. The carina of the trachea is located at the level of the sternal angle and the fifth thoracic ver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paratracheal Lymph Nodes
The right and left paratracheal lymph nodes (or paratracheal chains) are lymph nodes in the neck situated lateral to the trachea and esophagus alongside the recurrent laryngeal nerve. They drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes The deep cervical lymph nodes are a group of cervical lymph nodes in the neck that form a chain along the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath. Structure Classification The deep cervical lymph nodes are subdivided into a superior .... References External links * http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic306.htm#section~anatomy_of_the_cervical_lymphatics Lymphatics of the head and neck {{lymphatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hilum (anatomy)
In human anatomy, the hilum (; : hila), sometimes formerly called a hilus (; : hili), is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an Organ (anatomy), organ. Examples include:
* Hilum of kidney, admits the renal artery, renal vein, vein, ureter, and nerves
* Splenic hilum, on the surface of the spleen, admits the splenic artery, splenic vein, vein, lymph vessels, and nerves
* Hilum of lung, a triangular depression where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the Organ (biology)#Viscera, viscus
* Hilum of lymph node, the portion of a lymph node where the Efferent lymphatic vessel, efferent vessels exit
* Hippocampus proper#CA4, Hilus of dentate gyrus, part of hippocampus that contains the Mossy fiber (hippocampus), mossy cells.
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Lung
The lungs are the primary Organ (biology), organs of the respiratory system in many animals, including humans. In mammals and most other tetrapods, two lungs are located near the Vertebral column, backbone on either side of the heart. Their function in the respiratory system is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere, in a process of gas exchange. Respiration is driven by different muscular systems in different species. Mammals, reptiles and birds use their musculoskeletal systems to support and foster breathing. In early tetrapods, air was driven into the lungs by the pharyngeal muscles via buccal pumping, a mechanism still seen in amphibians. In humans, the primary muscle that drives breathing is the Thoracic diaphragm, diaphragm. The lungs also provide airflow that makes Animal communication#Auditory, vocalisation including speech possible. Humans have two lungs, a ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heart
The heart is a muscular Organ (biology), organ found in humans and other animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels. The heart and blood vessels together make the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissue, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs. In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the thorax, chest, called the mediastinum. In humans, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right Atrium (heart), atria and lower left and right Ventricle (heart), ventricles. Commonly, the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. In a healthy heart, blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent cardiac regurgitation, backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a sma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bronchomediastinal Trunk
The bronchomediastinal lymph trunks are essential components of the human lymphatic system, tasked with draining lymph from the tracheobronchial, internal mammary, and anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Located in the mediastinum, the central part of the thoracic cavity, these trunks form from the convergence of efferent vessels that ascend along the trachea. Typically, there are two trunks - one on each side of the body. The right bronchomediastinal trunk may connect the right lymphatic duct, and the left trunk to the thoracic duct, although more frequently, they open independently into the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian veins on their respective sides. Functionally, the bronchomediastinal lymph trunks are pivotal in transporting lymph, which includes lymphocytes and other immune cells, from the thorax to the bloodstream. This process is crucial for immune surveillance and maintaining fluid balance within the body. Clinically, these trunks are significan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carina Of Trachea
The carina of trachea (also: "tracheal carina") is a ridge of cartilage at the base of the trachea separating the openings of the left and right main bronchi. Structure The carina is a cartilaginous ridge separating the left and right main bronchi that is formed by the inferior-ward and posterior-ward prolongation of the inferior-most tracheal cartilage. The carina occurs at the lower end of the trachea - usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebra. This is in line with the sternal angle, but the carina may raise or descend up to two vertebrae higher or lower with breathing. The carina lies to the left of the midline, and runs antero-posteriorly (front to back). Blood supply The bronchial arteries supply the carina and the rest of the lower trachea. Relations The carina is around the area posterior to where the aortic arch crosses to the left of the trachea. The azygos vein crosses right to the trachea above the carina. Physiology The mucous membrane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
