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Torturer
Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including corporal punishment, punishment, forced confession, extracting a confession, interrogational torture, interrogation for information, or intimidating third parties. definitions of torture, Some definitions restrict torture to acts carried out by the state (polity), state, while others include non-state organizations. Most victims of torture are poor and marginalized people suspected of crimes, although torture against political prisoners, or during armed conflict, has received disproportionate attention. Judicial corporal punishment and capital punishment are sometimes seen as forms of torture, but this label is internationally controversial. A variety of methods of torture are used, often in combination; the most common form of physical torture is beatings. Beginning in the twentieth century, many torturers have preferred non-scarring or psychological torture, psychological meth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methods Of Torture
A list of torture methods and devices includes: Psychological torture methods * Blackmail * Chinese water torture * Humiliation * Subjection to periods of interrogation * Music torture * Mock execution * Forced nudity * Seclusion * Pharmacological torture * Exploitation of phobias; e.g., mock execution, leaving arachnophobes in a room full of spiders * Sensory deprivation * Sensory overload * Sleep deprivation * Solitary confinement / isolation * Threat of severe disfigurement * Tickle torture * Waterboarding * White room torture Physical torture methods Instruments of torture Note that the line between "torture method" and "torture device" is often blurred, particularly when a specifically named implement is but one component of a method. Also, many devices that can be used for torture have mainstream uses, completely unrelated to torture. Medieval and early modern instruments of torture Chair of torture Appearance There are many variants of the chair, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forced Confession
A forced confession is a confession obtained from a suspect or a prisoner by means of torture (including enhanced interrogation techniques) or other forms of duress. Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth. The individuals being interrogated may agree to the story presented to them or even make up falsehoods themselves in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue their suffering. For centuries the Latin phrase "''Confessio est regina probationum''" (in English language, English: "Confession is the queen of evidence") justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. During the Middle Ages, acquiring a confession prior to a trial was especially important. The methods used to acquire a confession were considered less important than the actual confession itself, thus de facto sanctioning torture and forced confessions. By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interrogational Torture
Interrogational torture is the use of torture to obtain information in interrogation, as opposed to the use of torture to extract a forced confession, regardless of whether it is true or false. Torture has been used throughout history during interrogation, although it is now illegal and a violation of international law. Beyond torture's moral repugnance, most experts who study interrogation consider torture an ineffective and counterproductive means of gathering accurate information, because it frequently generates false or misleading information and impairs subsequent information collection. Investigation of effectiveness Governments that have used torture for interrogation on a large scale have not disclosed systematic information on how their torture programs were carried out, hampering efforts to investigate their effectiveness by those who lack access to classified information. Young and Kearns state that "Experiments on whether or not torture is effective are extremely cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Definitions Of Torture
Torture is generally defined as deliberately inflicting "severe pain or suffering" on a prisoner, but exactly what this means in practice is disputed. International level UN Convention Against Torture The United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which is currently in force since 26 June 1987, provides a broad definition of torture. Article 1.1 of the UN Convention Against Torture reads: This definition was restricted to apply only to nations and to government-sponsored torture and clearly limits the torture to that perpetrated, directly or indirectly, by those acting in an official capacity, such as government personnel, law enforcement personnel, medical personnel, military personnel, or politicians. It appears to exclude: # torture perpetrated by gangs, hate groups, rebels, or terrorists who ignore national or international mandates; # random violence during war; and # punishment allowed by national laws, even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peremptory Norm
A peremptory norm (also called ) is a fundamental principle of international law that is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is permitted. There is no universal agreement regarding precisely which norms are ''jus cogens'' nor how a norm reaches that status, but it is generally accepted that ''jus cogens'' bans genocide, maritime piracy, enslaving in general (i.e. slavery as well as slave trade), wars of aggression and territorial aggrandizement, and generally as well torture, and refoulement. Status of peremptory norms under international law Unlike ordinary customary law, which has traditionally required consent and allows the alteration of its obligations between states through treaties, peremptory norms may not be violated by any state "through international treaties or local or special customs or even general customary rules not endowed with the same normative force".''Prosecutor v. Furundžija'', International Cri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thuong Duc, Vietnam - A Viet Cong Prisoner Awaits Interrogation At The A-109 Special Forces Detachment In Thuong - NARA - 531447
Cháng () is the pinyin romanization of Chinese, romanization of the Chinese surname (''Cháng''). It was listed 80th among the Song Dynasty, Song-era ''Hundred Family Surnames''. "Chang" is also the Wade-Giles romanization of two Chinese surnames written Zhang (surname), Zhang in pinyin: one extremely common and written in Traditional Chinese and in Simplified Chinese, and another quite rare and written as in both systems. There is also a rare case of in Hong Kong written as Chang as well. For full details on them, see the "Zhang (surname), Zhang" and "Zheng (surname), Zheng" article. In Macao, this is the spelling of the surname "Zeng (surname), Zeng" . "Chang" is also a common spelling of the surname / (Chen (surname), Chen in Mandarin pinyin) in Peru. Romanization 常 is romanized as Ch'ang in Wade-Giles, although the apostrophe is often omitted in practice. It is romanized as Soeng and Sheung (surname), Sheung in Cantonese language, Cantonese; Seong and Siông in Minna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights
Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered inherent and inalienable, meaning they belong to every individual simply by virtue of being human, regardless of characteristics like nationality, ethnicity, religion, or socio-economic status. They encompass a broad range of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to life, freedom of expression, protection against enslavement, and right to education. The modern concept of human rights gained significant prominence after World War II, particularly in response to the atrocities of the Holocaust, leading to the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. This document outlined a comprehensive framework of rights that countries are encouraged t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torture In International Law
The prohibition of torture is a peremptory norm in public international law—meaning that it is forbidden under all circumstances—as well as being forbidden by international treaties such as the United Nations Convention Against Torture. United Nations Convention Against Torture The United Nations Convention Against Torture, United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment came into force in June 1987. The 4 most relevant articles are Articles 1, 2, 3, and 16. Note several points: *Article 1: Torture is "severe pain or suffering". The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) influences discussions on this area of international law. See the section #Other conventions, Other conventions for more details on the ECHR ruling. * Article 2: There are "no exceptional circumstances whatsoever where a state can use torture and not break its treaty obligations." [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights Movement
Human rights movement refers to a nongovernmental social movement engaged in activism related to the issues of human rights. The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to: colonialism, imperialism, slavery, racism, segregation, patriarchy, and oppression of indigenous peoples. A key principle of the human rights movement is its appeal to Universality (philosophy), universality: the idea that all human beings should struggle in solidarity for a common set of basic conditions that has to be followed by all. History Human rights activism predates the 20th century, that includes the abolitionism, anti-slavery movement. Historical movements were usually concerned with a limited set of issues, and they were more local than global. One account identifies the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907#Hague Convention of 1899, 1899 Hague Convention as a starting point for the idea that humans have rights independent of the states that control them. The activities of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It was also the administrative language in the former Roman Provinces of Mauretania, Numidia and Africa Proconsularis under the Vandals, the Byzantines and the Romano-Berber Kingdoms, until it declined after the Arab Conquest. Medieval Latin in Southern and Central Visigothic Hispania, conquered by the Arabs immediately after North Africa, experienced a similar fate, only recovering its importance after the Reconquista by the Northern Christian Kingdoms. In this region it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. Latin functioned as the main medium of scholarly exchange, as the liturgical language of the Church, and as the working language of science, literature, law, and administration. Medieval Latin represented a continuation of Classical Latin and Late Latin, with enhancements for new concepts as well as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incommunicado Detention
An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person with the support or acquiescence of a State (polity), state followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate or whereabouts with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law. Often, forced disappearance implies murder whereby a victim is kidnapping, abducted, may be illegally prison, detained, and is often tortured during interrogation, ultimately killed, and the body disposed of secretly. The party committing the murder has plausible deniability as there is no evidence of the victim's death. Enforced disappearance was first recognized as a human rights issue in the 1970s as a result of Detenidos Desaparecidos, its use by military dictatorships in Latin America during the Dirty War. However, it has occurred all over the world. According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which came into force on 1 July 2002, when committed as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
