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Timber Pilings
Timber pilings serve as the foundations of many historic structures such as Canning, canneries, Wharf, wharves, and shore buildings. The old pilings present challenging problems during restoration as they age and are destroyed by organisms and decay. Replacing the foundation entirely is possible but expensive. Regularly inspecting and maintaining timber piles may extend the life of the Foundation (engineering), foundation. Historic use and treatment in water Timber pile construction in the Aquatic ecosystem, aquatic and marine environment has a long history in Europe dating as far back as the Bronze Age, bronze and Stone Age in Switzerland. Swiss lake dwellers During severe droughts in Switzerland in the mid-nineteenth century, lake areas that had been previously inundated with water were exposed to reveal ancient archaeological remains of various types of timber piling support assemblies that served as foundations for both individual houses and community buildings. The design ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perspective View Of Timber-pile Bridge With Steel Stringers, View Looking Northeast - Stafford Avenue Bridge, Edwin B
Perspective may refer to: Vision and mathematics * Perspectivity, the formation of an image in a picture plane of a scene viewed from a fixed point, and its modeling in geometry ** Perspective (graphical), representing the effects of visual perspective in graphic arts ** Aerial perspective, the effect the atmosphere has on the appearance of an object as it is viewed from a distance ** Perspective distortion (photography), the way that viewing a picture from the wrong position gives a perceived distortion ** Perspective (geometry), a relation between geometric figures ** Vue d'optique or perspective view, a genre of etching popular during the second half of the 18th century and into the 19th. Film and television * Perspective (film series), ''Perspective'' (film series), a 2012–2020 Canadian film series by B. P. Paquette * Perspective (2019 film), ''Perspective'' (2019 film), an American adult romance drama * Perspectives (TV series), ''Perspectives'' (TV series), a 2011–2016 B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marine Borers
''Barnea similis'', a rock borer or piddock, is a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pholadidae Pholadidae, known as piddocks or angelwings, are a family (biology), family of bivalve molluscs similar to a clam. Background Piddocks are unique in that each side of their shells is divided into 2 or 3 separate sections. Furthermore, one of the .... References * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 * Glen Pownall, ''New Zealand Shells and Shellfish'', Seven Seas Publishing Pty Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand 1979 * Miller M & Batt G, ''Reef and Beach Life of New Zealand'', William Collins (New Zealand) Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1973 Bivalves of New Zealand Bivalves described in 1835 Pholadidae {{Bivalve-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shipworms
The shipworms, also called teredo worms or simply teredo (, via Latin ), are marine life, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Teredinidae, a group of saltwater clams with long, soft, naked bodies. They are notorious for boring into (and commonly eventually destroying) wood that is immersed in seawater, including such structures as wooden piers, docks, and ships; they drill passages by means of a pair of very small shells ("valve (mollusc), valves") borne at one end, with which they rasp their way through. They are sometimes called "termites of the sea". Carl Linnaeus assigned the common name ''Teredo (genus), Teredo'' to the best-known genus of shipworms in the 10th edition of his Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic ''magnum opus'', ''Systema Naturae, Systema Naturæ'' (1758). Characteristics Removed from its burrow, the fully grown teredo ranges from several centimeters to about a meter in length, depending on the species. An average adult shipworm measures in length and less ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teredolites 012416
''Teredolites'' is an ichnogenus of trace fossil, characterized by borings in substrates such as wood or amber. Club-shaped structures rimming mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber were formerly identified as the fungal sporocarps '' Palaeoclavaria burmitis''. A 2018 study re-identified the structures as domichnia (crypts) bored in the amber nodules by bivalves of the pholadid subfamily Martesiinae. The borings are comparable with '' Teredolites clavatus'' and '' Gastrochaenolites lapidicus'' . Due to the substrate of the Myanmar borings being amber, the term 'amberground' was coined. See also * Ichnology A trace fossil, also called an ichnofossil (; ), is a fossil record of biological activity by lifeforms, but not the preserved remains of the organism itself. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, which are the fossilized remains of part ... References External links * Boring fossils Paja Formation Ichnotaxa {{trace-fossil-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crustacean
Crustaceans (from Latin meaning: "those with shells" or "crusted ones") are invertebrate animals that constitute one group of arthropods that are traditionally a part of the subphylum Crustacea (), a large, diverse group of mainly aquatic arthropods including decapods (shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters and crayfish), seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, opossum shrimps, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group can be treated as a subphylum under the clade Mandibulata. It is now well accepted that the hexapods (insects and entognathans) emerged deep in the Crustacean group, with the completed pan-group referred to as Pancrustacea. The three classes Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda and Remipedia are more closely related to the hexapods than they are to any of the other crustaceans ( oligostracans and multicrustaceans). The 67,000 described species range in size from '' Stygotantulus stocki'' at , to the Japanese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pholadidae
Pholadidae, known as piddocks or angelwings, are a family (biology), family of bivalve molluscs similar to a clam. Background Piddocks are unique in that each side of their shells is divided into 2 or 3 separate sections. Furthermore, one of the piddock's shells has a set of ridges or "teeth", which they use to grind away at clay or soft rock and create tubular burrows. The shape of these burrows is due to the rotating motion of the piddock as it grinds the rock to make its home. The piddock stays in the burrow it digs for the entirety of its eight-year lifespan, with only its Siphon (mollusc), siphon exposed to take in water that it Filter feeder, filters for food. When the piddock dies and leaves an empty tubular burrow, other marine life such as sea anemone, crabs and other molluscs may use the burrow. Some species of Pholadidae may reach up to 18 cm (7″). Their coloration is typically white, though through consumption of red tide algae some may develop a pink coloratio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shipworm
The shipworms, also called teredo worms or simply teredo (, via Latin ), are marine bivalve molluscs in the family Teredinidae, a group of saltwater clams with long, soft, naked bodies. They are notorious for boring into (and commonly eventually destroying) wood that is immersed in seawater, including such structures as wooden piers, docks, and ships; they drill passages by means of a pair of very small shells (" valves") borne at one end, with which they rasp their way through. They are sometimes called "termites of the sea". Carl Linnaeus assigned the common name '' Teredo'' to the best-known genus of shipworms in the 10th edition of his taxonomic ''magnum opus'', '' Systema Naturæ'' (1758). Characteristics Removed from its burrow, the fully grown teredo ranges from several centimeters to about a meter in length, depending on the species. An average adult shipworm measures in length and less than in diameter, but some species grow to considerable size. The body is c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gribble
A gribble () or gribble worm is any of about 56 species of marine isopod from the family Limnoriidae. They are mostly pale white and small ( long) crustaceans, although '' Limnoria stephenseni'' from subantarctic waters can reach . Classification The term "gribble" was originally assigned to the wood-boring species, especially the first species described from Norway by Jens Rathke in 1799, '' Limnoria lignorum''. The Limnoriidae are now known to include seaweed and seagrass borers, as well as wood borers. Those gribbles able to bore into living marine plants are thought to have evolved from a wood (dead plant) boring species. Ecology Gribbles bore into wood and plant material, and the material is ingested for food; the cellulose of wood is digested, most likely with the aid of cellulases produced by the gribbles themselves. The most destructive species are '' Limnoria lignorum'', '' L. tripunctata'' and '' L. quadripunctata''. Due to dispersal while inhabiting wooden ship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pacific Northwest
The Pacific Northwest (PNW; ) is a geographic region in Western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common conception includes the U.S. states of Oregon, Washington (state), Washington, Idaho, and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Some broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into Northern California, and east into western Montana. Other conceptions may be limited to the coastal areas west of the Cascade Mountains, Cascade and Coast Mountains, Coast mountains. The Northwest Coast is the coastal region of the Pacific Northwest, and the Northwest Plateau (also commonly known as "British Columbia Interior, the Interior" in British Columbia), is the inland region. The term "Pacific Northwest" should not be confused with the Northwest Territory (also known as the Great Northwest, a historical term in the United States) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Douglas Fir
The Douglas fir (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'') is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family. It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir (''P. menziesii'' var. ''menziesii''), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (''P. menziesii'' var. ''glauca'') and Mexican Douglas-fir (''P. menziesii'' var. ''lindleyana''). Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus '' Abies''), spruce (genus '' Picea''), or pine (genus ''Pinus''). It is also not a hemlock; the genus name ''Pseudotsuga'' means "false hemlock". Description Douglas-firs are medium-sized to extremely large evergreen trees, tall (although only coast Douglas-firs reach heights near 100 m) and commonly reach in diameter, although trees with diameters of almost exist. The largest coast Douglas-firs regularly live over 500 years, with the ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromated Copper Arsenate
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative containing compounds of chromium, copper, and arsenic, in various proportions. It is used to impregnate timber and other wood products, especially those intended for outdoor use, in order to protect them from attack by microbes and insects. Like other copper-based wood preservatives, it imparts a greenish tint to treated timber. CCA was invented in 1933 by Indian chemist Sonti Kamesam, and patented in Britain in 1934. It has been used for timber treatment since the mid-1930s, and is marketed under many trade names. In 2003, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the lumber industry agreed to discontinue the use of CCA-treated wood in most residential construction. This agreement was intended to protect the health of humans and the environment by reducing exposure to the arsenic in CCA-treated wood. As a result of this decision, CCA-treated wood can no longer be used to construct residential structures such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Bethell (inventor)
John Bethell (c. 1804–1867) was a British solicitor and inventor, who patented the 'Bethell process' for preserving timber using creosote under pressure, giving a life of 25 years or more. It was particularly used for railway sleepers and telegraph poles. Life Bethel was born in Bristol in c. 1804 of Dr Richard Bethell and his wife Jane Baverstock. His elder brother was Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury. On 28 February 1833 he married Louise Sarah Abraham, and they had seven children. He was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Bath and County Club The Bath and County Club is a private members' club in Queen's Parade in Bath, Somerset, England. Originally established as a gentlemen's club in 1858, it is open to all, having admitted women as full members since 1996. History The club was e ....Bath and County Club Records, The Guildhall, Bath, Somerset He died 22 February 1867 in London. Patents from the 1868 Institution of Civil Engineers obituary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
