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Thumb Sucking
Thumb sucking is a behavior found in humans, chimpanzees, captive ring-tailed lemurs, and other primates.Benjamin, Lorna S.: "The Beginning of Thumbsucking." ''Child Development'', Vol. 38, No. 4 (Dec., 1967), pp. 1065–1078. It usually involves placing the thumb into the mouth and rhythmically repeating sucking contact for a prolonged duration. It can also be accomplished with any organ within reach (such as other fingers and toes) and is considered to be soothing and therapeutic for the person. As a child develops the habit, it will usually develop a "favourite" finger to suck on. At birth, a baby will reflexively suck any object placed in its mouth; this is the sucking reflex responsible for breastfeeding. From the first time they engage in nutritive feeding, infants learn that the habit can not only provide valuable nourishment, but also a great deal of pleasure, comfort, and warmth. Whether from a mother, bottle, or pacifier, this behavior, over time, begins to become ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overjet
In dentistry, overjet is the extent of horizontal ( anterior-posterior) overlap of the maxillary central incisors over the mandibular central incisors. In class II (division I) malocclusion the overjet is increased as the maxillary central incisors are protruded. Class II Division I is an incisal classification of malocclusion where the incisal edge of the mandibular incisors lie posterior to the cingulum plateau of the maxillary incisors with normal or proclined maxillary incisors (British Standards Index, 1983). There is always an associated increase in overjet. In the Class II Division 2 incisal classification of malocclusion, the lower incisors occlude posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors and the upper central incisors are retroclined. The overjet is usually minimal but it may be increased. Signs and symptoms Class II Div I :Benefits associated with orthodontic treatment include a reduction in the susceptibility to caries, periodontal disease and tempor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prognathism
Prognathism is a positional relationship of the mandible or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull. In the case of ''mandibular'' prognathism (never maxillary prognathism), this is often also referred to as Habsburg chin, Habsburg's chin, Habsburg jaw or Habsburg's jaw especially when referenced with the context of its prevalence amongst historical members of the House of Habsburg. Mandibular prognathism is typically pathological, whereas maxillary prognathism is often the result of normal human population variation. In general dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and orthodontics, this is assessed clinically or radiographically ( cephalometrics). The word ''prognathism'' derives from the Greek πρό (''pro'', meaning 'forward') and γνάθος (''gnáthos'', 'jaw'). One or more types of prognathism can result in the common condition of malocclusion, in which an individua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) is a motor disorder with onset in childhood involving restrictive and/or repetitive, nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand waving or head banging), that markedly interferes with normal activities or results in bodily injury. While stereotypic movements are common in infancy and early childhood, a diagnosis of SMD is made only when such behaviors are prolonged, intense, and cause significant impairment. The diagnosis requires that the behavior in question must not be due to the direct effects of a substance, autism, or another medical condition. The cause of this disorder is not known. However, current research suggests that dysfunction in corticostriatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits and imbalances between the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia may play a role in its development. Both environmental and genetic factors have been proposed as potential risk factors. Environmental factors include limited social interaction, ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Struwwelpeter
''Der Struwwelpeter'' ('Shock-Headed Peter') is an 1845 German children's book written and illustrated by Heinrich Hoffmann. It comprises ten illustrated and rhymed stories, mostly about children. Each cautionary tale has a clear moral lesson that demonstrates the disastrous consequences of misbehavior in an exaggerated way."Hoffman entry" ''Lambiek Comiclopedia''. Accessed 29 October 2017. The title of the first story provides the title of the whole book. ''Der Struwwelpeter'' is one of the earliest books for children that combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format, and is considered a precursor to s. ''Der Struwwelpeter'' is known for introducing the villainous characte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TGuard
TGuard is the brand name for a medical device used to stop chronic thumb sucking among children and young adults. It is manufactured in the USA by MED et al., Inc. Referred to commonly by dentists as a ThumbGuard, the company claims that it is the most effective removable appliance therapy used to stop and prevent thumb sucking. Theory of operation The device works by breaking the suction which is present during thumb sucking. This suction causes not only damage"Damage to the primary dentition resulting from thumb and finger (digit) sucking” In: ''Journal of Dentistry for Children.'' Nov-Dec 1996 to the teeth and jaws, but also is responsible for the pleasure that the child seeks when engaging in the habit. By breaking the suction, the child ceases to receive pleasure, and thus, after 3 to 4 weeks of continuous use, stops thumb sucking altogether. The product is made out of a soft, flexible, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-listed plastic, and thus, is not designed to guard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Body-focused Repetitive Behavior
Body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) is an umbrella name for Impulse control disorder, impulse-control behaviors involving Compulsive behavior, compulsively Self-harm, damaging one's physical appearance or causing physical injury. BFRB disorders are currently estimated to be under the obsessive–compulsive spectrum. They are also associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety. Causes The cause of BFRBs is unknown. Emotional variables may have a differential impact on the expression of BFRBs. Research has suggested that the urge to repetitive self-injury is similar to a body-focused repetitive behavior but others have argued that for some the condition is more akin to a substance abuse disorder. Researchers are investigating a possible genetic component. Onset BFRBs most often begin in late childhood or in the early teens. Diagnosis Types The main BFRB disorders are: * Skin ** Dermatillomania (excoriation disorder), skin picking ** Dermatophagi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling For Body-focused Repetitive Behaviors
Body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) is an umbrella name for impulse-control behaviors involving compulsively damaging one's physical appearance or causing physical injury. BFRB disorders are currently estimated to be under the obsessive–compulsive spectrum. They are also associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety. Causes The cause of BFRBs is unknown. Emotional variables may have a differential impact on the expression of BFRBs. Research has suggested that the urge to repetitive self-injury is similar to a body-focused repetitive behavior but others have argued that for some the condition is more akin to a substance abuse disorder. Researchers are investigating a possible genetic component. Onset BFRBs most often begin in late childhood or in the early teens. Diagnosis Types The main BFRB disorders are: * Skin ** Dermatillomania (excoriation disorder), skin picking ** Dermatophagia, skin nibbling * Mouth ** Morsicatio buccarum, chee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habit Reversal Training
Habit reversal training (HRT) is a "multicomponent behavioral treatment package originally developed to address a wide variety of repetitive behavior disorders". Behavioral disorders treated with HRT include tics, trichotillomania, nail biting, thumb sucking, skin picking, temporomandibular disorder (TMJ), lip-cheek biting and stuttering. It consists of five components: awareness training, competing response training, contingency management, relaxation training, and generalization training. Research on the efficacy of HRT for behavioral disorders have produced consistent, large effect sizes (approximately 0.80 across the disorders). It has met the standard of a well-established treatment for stuttering, thumb sucking, nail biting, and TMJ disorders. According to a meta-analysis from 2012, decoupling, a self-help variant of HRT, also shows efficacy. History Habit reversal training was developed by psychologists Nathan H. Azrin and Ronald G. Nunn, who first published a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthodontics
Orthodontics (also referred to as orthodontia) is a dentistry specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, management, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, as well as misaligned bite patterns. It may also address the modification of facial growth, known as dentofacial orthopedics. Abnormal alignment of the teeth and jaws is very common. The approximate worldwide prevalence of malocclusion was as high as 56%. However, conclusive evidence-based medicine, scientific evidence for the Health benefit (medicine), health benefits of orthodontic treatment is lacking, although patients with completed treatment have reported a higher quality of life than that of untreated patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. The main reason for the prevalence of these malocclusions is diets with less fresh fruit and vegetables and overall softer foods in childhood, causing smaller jaws with less room for the teeth to erupt. Treatment may require several months to a few years and enta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habit (psychology)
A habit (or wont, as a humorous and formal term) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously. A 1903 paper in the '' American Journal of Psychology'' defined a "habit, from the standpoint of psychology, sa more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience." Habitual behavior often goes unnoticed by persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habits are sometimes compulsory. A 2002 daily experience study by habit researcher Wendy Wood and her colleagues found that approximately 43% of daily behaviors are performed out of habit. New behaviours can become automatic through the process of habit formation. Old habits are hard to break and new habits are hard to form because the behavioural patterns that humans repeat become imprinted in neural pathways, but it is possible to form new habits through repetit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Dental Association
The American Dental Association (ADA) is an American professional dental association. Established in 1859 and with over 159,000 current members, ADA is the world's largest and oldest national dental association. The organization lobbies on behalf of the American dental profession and provides dental accreditation. The ADA publishes the '' Journal of the American Dental Association'' and ''JADA Foundational Science''. As part of its lobbying efforts, the ADA has sought to restrict non-dentists (such as dental hygienists and dental therapists) from providing basic dental care. The organization has played an important role in blocking the inclusion of dental coverage in Medicare. The ADA has expressed opposition to the opening of new dental schools or to increasing the number of dentists in the United States, even as the United States trains almost half as many dental students (relative to population) in the 2000s as it did in the 1980s. History The American Dental Associati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
