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Text Watermarking
Text watermarking is a technique for embedding hidden information within textual content to verify its authenticity, origin, or ownership. With the rise of generative AI systems using large language models (LLM), there has been significant development focused on watermarking AI-generated text. Potential applications include detecting fake news and academic cheating, and excluding AI-generated material from LLM training data. With LLMs the focus is on linguistic approaches that involve selecting words to form patterns within the text that can later be identified. The results of the first reported large-scale public deployment, a trial using Google's Gemini chatbot, appeared in October 2024: users across 20 million responses found watermarked and unwatermarked text to be of equal quality. Research on text watermarking began in 1997. See also * Digital watermarking A digital watermark is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant signal such as audio, video or imag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IEEE Access
IEEE Access is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It was established in 2013 and covers all IEEE fields of interest. The founding editor-in-chief was Michael Pecht (University of Maryland) and the current editor-in-chief is Derek Abbott ( University of Adelaide). The journal won a PROSE Award in 2015 for the best new journal in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Special sections The journal hosts special sections that highlight a specific topic of general IEEE interest. Associate editors propose a concentration area that emphasizes applications-oriented and interdisciplinary topics. Together with the editorial staff a "Call for Papers" is then sent to academic and industrial researchers soliciting the submissions of manuscripts that identify and discuss technical challenges and recent results on the topic of that section. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generative Artificial Intelligence
Generative artificial intelligence (Generative AI, GenAI, or GAI) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that uses generative models to produce text, images, videos, or other forms of data. These models Machine learning, learn the underlying patterns and structures of their training data and use them to produce new data based on the input, which often comes in the form of natural language Prompt (natural language), prompts. Generative AI tools have become more common since an "AI boom" in the 2020s. This boom was made possible by improvements in transformer (machine learning model), transformer-based deep learning, deep neural networks, particularly large language models (LLMs). Major tools include chatbots such as ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot, Copilot, Gemini (chatbot), Gemini, Grok (chatbot), Grok, and DeepSeek (chatbot), DeepSeek; text-to-image models such as Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E; and text-to-video models such as Sora (text-to-video model), Sora and Veo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Large Language Model
A large language model (LLM) is a language model trained with self-supervised machine learning on a vast amount of text, designed for natural language processing tasks, especially language generation. The largest and most capable LLMs are generative pretrained transformers (GPTs), which are largely used in generative chatbots such as ChatGPT or Gemini. LLMs can be fine-tuned for specific tasks or guided by prompt engineering. These models acquire predictive power regarding syntax, semantics, and ontologies inherent in human language corpora, but they also inherit inaccuracies and biases present in the data they are trained in. History Before the emergence of transformer-based models in 2017, some language models were considered large relative to the computational and data constraints of their time. In the early 1990s, IBM's statistical models pioneered word alignment techniques for machine translation, laying the groundwork for corpus-based language modeling. A sm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Language Generation
Natural language generation (NLG) is a software process that produces natural language output. A widely cited survey of NLG methods describes NLG as "the subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics that is concerned with the construction of computer systems that can produce understandable texts in English or other human languages from some underlying non-linguistic representation of information". While it is widely agreed that the output of any NLG process is text, there is some disagreement about whether the inputs of an NLG system need to be non-linguistic. Common applications of NLG methods include the production of various reports, for example weather and patient reports; image captions; and chatbots like ChatGPT. Automated NLG can be compared to the process humans use when they turn ideas into writing or speech. Psycholinguists prefer the term language production for this process, which can also be described in mathematical terms, or modeled in a com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACM Computing Surveys
''ACM Computing Surveys'' is peer-reviewed quarterly scientific journal and is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. It publishes survey articles and tutorials related to computer science and computing. The journal was established in 1969 with William S. Dorn as founding editor-in-chief. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2023 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 23.8. In a 2008 ranking of computer science journals, ''ACM Computing Surveys'' received the highest rank "A*". See also *'' ACM Computing Reviews'' References External links * Computer science journals Information systems journals Computing Surveys Academic journals established in 1969 Review journals {{compu-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fake News
Fake news or information disorder is false or misleading information (misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and hoaxes) claiming the aesthetics and legitimacy of news. Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity,Schlesinger, Robert (April 14, 2017)"Fake news in reality" '' U.S. News & World Report''. or making money through advertising revenue. Although false news has always been spread throughout history, the term ''fake news'' was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common. Nevertheless, the term does not have a fixed definition and has been applied broadly to any type of false information presented as news. It has also been used by high-profile people to apply to any news unfavorable to them. Further, disinformation involves spreading false information with harmful intent and is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during elections. In some definitions, fake news i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Dishonesty
Academic dishonesty, academic misconduct, academic fraud and academic integrity are related concepts that refer to various actions on the part of students that go against the expected norms of a school, university or other learning institution. Definitions of academic misconduct are usually outlined in institutional policies. Therefore, academic dishonesty consists of many different categories of behaviour, as opposed to being a singular concept. History Academic dishonesty dates back to the first tests. Scholars note that cheating was prevalent on the Chinese civil service exams thousands of years ago, even when cheating carried the penalty of death for both examinee and examiner. Bribery of examiners was also common, as represented in works such as the Ming dynasty, Ming-dynasty story collection ''The Book of Swindles''. Standards for citation and Reference work, referencing began at the end of the 19th century with the emergence of guidance provided by scholarly societies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Training, Validation, And Test Data Sets
In machine learning, a common task is the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. Such algorithms function by making data-driven predictions or decisions, through building a mathematical model from input data. These input data used to build the model are usually divided into multiple data sets. In particular, three data sets are commonly used in different stages of the creation of the model: training, validation, and test sets. The model is initially fit on a training data set, which is a set of examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model. The model (e.g. a naive Bayes classifier) is trained on the training data set using a supervised learning method, for example using optimization methods such as gradient descent or stochastic gradient descent. In practice, the training data set often consists of pairs of an input vector (or scalar) and the corresp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gemini (chatbot)
Gemini, formerly known as Bard, is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Google. Based on the large language model (LLM) Gemini (language model), of the same name, it was launched in 2023 in response to the rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT. It was previously based on the LaMDA and PaLM LLMs. Google's LaMDA, which was announced and developed in 2021, was kept under wraps for fear. OpenAI's unexpected triumph with ChatGPT in November 2022, though, spurred Google to quickly get its employees mobilized and react. This resulted in the partial roll-out of Bard in March 2023, and then to other nations in May. Bard became popular at the 2023 Google I/O keynote and subsequently upgraded to the Gemini LLM in December. In February 2024, Google brought Bard and Duet AI under the same Gemini brand, introducing an Android app. Background In November 2022, OpenAI launched ChatGPT, a chatbot based on the GPT-3 family of large language models (LLMs). ChatGPT gained worldwide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chatbot
A chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface designed to have textual or spoken conversations. Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing, but simpler chatbots have existed for decades. Although chatbots have existed since the late 1960s, the field gained widespread attention in the early 2020s due to the popularity of OpenAI's ChatGPT, followed by alternatives such as Microsoft's Copilot, DeepSeek and Google's Gemini. Such examples reflect the recent practice of basing such products upon broad foundational large language models, such as GPT-4 or the Gemini language model, that get fine-tuned so as to target specific tasks or applications (i.e., simulating human conversat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature (journal)
''Nature'' is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, ''Nature'' features Peer review, peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature. ''Nature'' was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2022 ''Journal Citation Reports'' (with an ascribed impact factor of 50.5), making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious academic journals. , it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month. Founded in the autumn of 1869, ''Nature'' was first circulated by Norman Lockyer and Alexander MacMillan (publisher), Alexander MacMillan as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Watermarking
A digital watermark is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant signal such as audio, video or image data.H.T. Sencar, M. Ramkumar and A.N. Akansu: ''Data Hiding Fundamentals and Applications: Content Security in Digital Multimedia''. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2004. It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such a signal. Digital watermarking is the process of hiding digital information in a carrier signal; the hidden information should,Ingemar J. Cox: ''Digital watermarking and steganography''. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, MA, USA, 2008 but does not need to, contain a relation to the carrier signal. Digital watermarks may be used to verify the authenticity or integrity of the carrier signal or to show the identity of its owners. It is prominently used for tracing copyright infringements and for banknote authentication. Like traditional physical watermarks, digital watermarks are often only perceptible under certain conditions, e.g. af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
