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Tetracyclic
Tetracyclics are cyclic compound, cyclic chemical compounds that contain four fused ring (chemistry), rings of atoms, for example, Tröger's base. Some tricyclic compounds having three fused and one tethered ring (connected to main nucleus by a single bond) can also classified as tetracyclic, for example, ciclazindol. Tetracyclic compounds have various pharmaceutical drug, pharmaceutical uses, such as: *tetracycline antibiotics **Doxycycline **Tigecycline **Omadacycline **Eravacycline *tetracyclic antidepressants **Benzoctamine **Loxapine **Mazindol **Mianserin **Mirtazapine See also * Tricyclic * Heterocyclic References {{Tetracyclics Tetracyclic compounds, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirtazapine
Mirtazapine, sold under the brand name Remeron among others, is an atypical antidepressant, atypical tetracyclic antidepressant, and as such is used primarily to treat Depression (mood), depression. Its effects may take up to four weeks but can also manifest as early as one to two weeks. It is often used in cases of depression complicated by anxiety or insomnia. The effectiveness of mirtazapine is comparable to other commonly prescribed antidepressants. It is taken oral administration, by mouth. Common side effects include somnolence, sleepiness, vertigo, dizziness, hyperphagia, increased appetite, and weight gain. Serious side effects may include mania, neutropenia, low white blood cell count, and increased suicide among children. Drug withdrawal, Withdrawal symptoms may occur with stopping. It is not recommended together with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, although evidence supporting the danger of this combination has been challenged. It is unclear if use during pregnancy i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetracyclic Antidepressant
Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) are a class of antidepressants that were first introduced in the 1970s. They are named after their tetracyclic chemical structure, containing four cyclic compound, rings of atoms, and are closely related to the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which contain three rings of atoms. List of TeCAs Marketed * Maprotiline (Ludiomil) – can also be classified as a TCA and grouped with the secondary amines * Mianserin (Tolvon) * Mirtazapine (Remeron) * Setiptiline (Tecipul) Drugs that contain four rings not all fused together but are sometimes still classified as TeCAs include: * Amoxapine (Asendin) – often classified as a TCA and grouped with the secondary amines * Quetiapine (Seroquel) - an atypical antipsychotic sometimes used as an adjunct antidepressant Miscellaneous * Benzoctamine (Tacitin) – a tetracyclic compound and is closely related to maprotiline, with the two compounds differing only in the length of their side chain, but benzocta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclic Compound
A cyclic compound (or ring compound) is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring. Rings may vary in size from three to many atoms, and include examples where all the atoms are carbon (i.e., are carbocycles), none of the atoms are carbon (inorganic cyclic compounds), or where both carbon and non-carbon atoms are present ( heterocyclic compounds with rings containing both carbon and non-carbon). Depending on the ring size, the bond order of the individual links between ring atoms, and their arrangements within the rings, carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds may be aromatic or non-aromatic; in the latter case, they may vary from being fully saturated to having varying numbers of multiple bonds between the ring atoms. Because of the tremendous diversity allowed, in combination, by the valences of common atoms and their ability to form rings, the number of possible cyclic structures, even of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mianserin
Mianserin, sold under the brand name Tolvon among others, is an atypical antidepressant that is used primarily in the treatment of depression in Europe and elsewhere in the world. It is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA). Mianserin is closely related to mirtazapine, both chemically and in terms of its actions and effects, although there are significant differences between the two drugs (for example, its higher noradrenergic activity and lower 5-HT3 receptor antagonism). Medical uses Mianserin at higher doses (30–90 mg/day) is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It can also be used at lower doses (around 10 mg/day) to treat insomnia. Contraindications It should not be given, except if based on clinical need and under strict medical supervision, to people younger than 18 years old, as it can increase the risk of suicide attempts and suicidal thinking, and it can increase aggressiveness. While there is no evidence that it can harm a fetus fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tricyclic
Tricyclics are cyclic chemical compounds that contain three fused rings of atoms. Many compounds have a tricyclic structure, but in pharmacology, the term has traditionally been reserved to describe heterocyclic drugs. They include antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and antihistamines (as antiallergens, anti-motion sickness drugs, antipruritics, and hypnotics/sedatives) of the dibenzazepine, dibenzocycloheptene, dibenzothiazepine, dibenzothiepin, phenothiazine, and thioxanthene chemical classes, and others. History * Promethazine and other first generation antihistamines with a tricyclic structure were discovered in the 1940s. * Chlorpromazine, derived from promethazine originally as a sedative, was found to have neuroleptic properties in the early 1950s, and was the first typical antipsychotic. * Imipramine, originally investigated as an antipsychotic, was discovered in the early 1950s, and was the first tricyclic antidepressant. * Carbamazepine was dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzoctamine
Benzoctamine is a drug that possesses sedative and anxiolytic properties. Marketed as Tacitin by Ciba-Geigy, it is different from most sedative drugs because in most clinical trials it does not produce respiratory depression, but actually stimulates the respiratory system. As a result, when compared to other sedative and anxiolytic drugs such as benzodiazepines like diazepam, it is a safer form of tranquilizing. However, when co-administered with other drugs that cause respiratory depression, like morphine, it can cause increased respiratory depression. Medically, benzoctamine is used as a treatment for anxious outpatients to control aggression, enuresis, fear, and minor social maladjustment in children. Its anxiolytic effects are most similar to diazepam, another anxiolytic, but unlike diazepam, benzoctamine has antagonistic effects on epinephrine and norepinephrine, and appears to increase serotonin levels. While little is understood about how it carries out its effects, stud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tröger's Base
Tröger's base is a white solid tetracyclic organic compound. Its chemical formula is . Tröger's base and its analogs are soluble in various organic solvents and strong acidic aqueous solutions due to their protonation. It is named after Julius Tröger, who first synthesized it in 1887. History Tröger's original research in 1887 failed to elaborate the exact structure of his new product, leading Johannes Wislicenus, the departmental director of the time, to assign a mediocre grade for Tröger's thesis. Though various possible structures had been drawn for Tröger's product, its correct structure remained as a mystery for 48 years, until the final elucidation in 1935 by Spielman. Structure and chirality The nitrogen inversion normally leads to a rapid equilibrium between the enantiomers of chiral amines, that prevents them showing any optical activity. The inversion can be stopped by conformational strain as Tröger's base has demonstrated that nitrogen is capable of forming a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciclazindol
Ciclazindol (WY-23409) is an antidepressant and anorectic drug of the tetracyclic chemical class that was developed in the mid to late 1970s, but was never marketed. It acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and to a lesser extent as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Ciclazindol has no effects on the SERT, 5-HT receptors, mACh receptors, or α-adrenergic receptors, and has only weak affinity for the H1 receptor. As suggested by its local anesthetic properties, ciclazindol may also inhibit sodium channels. It is known to block potassium channel Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel found in virtually all organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes. Potassium channels are found in most cell types and control a wide variety of ...s as well. The dosage in human volunteers is stated to be 25mg daily. However, doses of up to 200mg have also been reported. This is surprising since the dosage of mazindol is only 2-4mg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetracycline Antibiotics
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of ''Streptomyces'' bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds. Tetracycline molecules comprise a linear fused tetracyclic nucleus (rings designated A, B, C and D) to which a variety of functional groups are attached. Tetracyclines are named after their four ("tetra-") hydrocarbon rings ("-cycl-") derivation ("-ine"). They are defined as a subclass of polyketides, having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton and are known as derivative (chemistry), derivatives of polycyclic naphthacene carboxamide. While all tetracyclines have a common structure, they differ from each other by the presence of chloro, methyl, and hydroxyl groups. These chemical modification, modifications do not change their broad antibacterial activity, but do affect pharmacological properties such as half-life and binding to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doxycycline Structure
Doxycycline is a Broad-spectrum antibiotic, broad-spectrum antibiotic of the Tetracycline antibiotics, tetracycline class used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and certain parasites. It is used to treat pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, acne vulgaris, acne, chlamydia infections, Lyme disease, cholera, typhus, and syphilis. It is also used to prevent malaria. Doxycycline may be taken Oral administration, by mouth or by intravenous, injection into a vein. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and an increased risk of sunburn. Use during pregnancy is not recommended. Like other agents of the tetracycline class, it either slows or kills bacteria by inhibiting protein production. It kills malaria by targeting a plastid organelle, the apicoplast. Doxycycline was patented in 1957 and came into commercial use in 1967. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Doxycyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazindol
Mazindol, sold under the brand names Mazanor and Sanorex, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant which is used as an appetite suppressant. It was developed by Sandoz Laboratories, Sandoz-Wander in the 1960s. The US Food and Drug Administration approved mazindol in June 1973, but Novartis, the manufacturer, discontinued it in 1999 for reasons unrelated to its efficacy or safety. Medical uses Mazindol is used in short-term (i.e., a few weeks) treatment of obesity, in combination with a regimen of weight reduction based on caloric restriction, exercise, and behavior modification in people with a body mass index greater than 30, or in those with a body mass index greater than 27 in the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. Mazindol is not currently available as a commercially marketed and FDA-regulated prescription agent for the treatment of obesity. Off-label use of mazindol has demonstrated efficacy in treating symptoms of narcolepsy and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
