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Taxine
Taxine alkaloids, which are often named under the collective title of taxines, are the toxic chemicals that can be isolated from the yew tree. The amount of taxine alkaloids depends on the species of yew, with ''Taxus baccata'' and '' Taxus cuspidata'' containing the most. The major taxine alkaloids are taxine A and taxine B although there are at least 10 different alkaloids. Until 1956, it was believed that all the taxine alkaloids were one single compound named taxine. The taxine alkaloids are cardiotoxins with taxine B being the most active. Taxine alkaloids have no medical uses but Paclitaxel and other taxanes that can be isolated from yews have been used as chemotherapy drugs. Provenance Taxine can be found in Taxus species: '' Taxus cuspidata, T. baccata'' (English yew), '' Taxus x media, Taxus canadensis, Taxus floridana,'' and '' Taxus brevifolia'' (Pacific or western yew). All of these species contain taxine in every part of the plant except in the aril, the fl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxine B
Taxine alkaloids, which are often named under the collective title of taxines, are the toxic chemicals that can be isolated from the yew tree. The amount of taxine alkaloids depends on the species of yew, with ''Taxus baccata'' and ''Taxus cuspidata'' containing the most. The major taxine alkaloids are taxine A and taxine B although there are at least 10 different alkaloids. Until 1956, it was believed that all the taxine alkaloids were one single compound named taxine. The taxine alkaloids are cardiotoxins with taxine B being the most active. Taxine alkaloids have no medical uses but Paclitaxel and other taxanes that can be isolated from yews have been used as chemotherapy drugs. Provenance Taxine can be found in Taxus species: ''Taxus cuspidata, T. baccata'' (English yew), '' Taxus x media, Taxus canadensis, Taxus floridana,'' and ''Taxus brevifolia'' (Pacific or western yew). All of these species contain taxine in every part of the plant except in the aril, the fleshy co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxus Cuspidata
''Taxus cuspidata'', the Japanese yew or spreading yew, is a member of the genus ''Taxus'', native to Japan, Korea, northeast China and the extreme southeast of Russia. Names In Japan, the tree is known as ''ichi'i'' (一位), meaning "first rank". This is because first rank courtiers carried '' shaku'' scepters made of yew. Other Japanese names include ''jakunoki'', ''araragi'', and ''onko''. In the Ainu language, it is called ''rarmani''. In China, it is called ''dongbei hongdoushan'' (東北紅豆杉 "northeastern red bean fir"), ''zishan'' (紫杉 "purple fir"), or ''chi bo song'' (赤柏松 "red cypress-pine"). Description It is an evergreen tree or large shrub growing to 10–18 m tall, with a trunk up to 60 cm diameter. The leaves are lanceolate, flat, dark green, 1–3 cm long and 2–3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flattish rows either side of the stem except on erect leading sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxus Baccata
''Taxus baccata'' is a species of evergreen tree in the family (botany), family Taxaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe and Southern Europe, as well as Northwest Africa, and parts of Southwest Asia.Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins . It is the tree originally known as yew, though with other related trees becoming known, it may be referred to as common yew, European yew, or in North America English yew. It is a woodland tree in its native range, and is also grown as an ornamental tree, hedge or topiary. The plant is poisonous, with toxins that can be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, and transpiration through the skin. Consuming any part of the tree, excluding the aril, can be deadly and the consumption of even a small amount of the foliage can result in death. Taxonomy and naming The word ''yew'' is from Old English ''īw, ēow'', ultimately from Proto-Indo-European ''*h₁eyHw-''. Possibly entered Proto-Germanic language, Germanic la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxus × Media
''Taxus'' × ''media'', also referred to as the hybrid yew, intermediate yew, Anglo-Japanese yew, or Anglojap yew, is a hybrid species of yew created as the offspring of English yew ''Taxus baccata'' and Japanese yew ''Taxus cuspidata''. This hybridization is thought to have been first performed by the Massachusetts-based horticulturalist T.D. Hatfield in the early 1900s. ''Taxus'' × ''media'' is grown in a large number of shrubby, often wide-spreading, cultivars under a variety of names. Description ''Taxus ''×'' media'' is among the smallest extant species in the genus ''Taxus'' and (depending upon cultivar) may not even grow to the size of what one would consider a typical tree. Immature shrubs are very small and achieve (over the time span of ten to twenty years) heights of at most and diameters of at most , depending on the cultivar. Furthermore, ''T. ''×'' media'' is known to grow rather slowly and is not injured by frequent pruning, making this hybrid very desirable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxus
''Taxus'' is a genus of coniferous trees or shrubs known as yews in the family Taxaceae. Yews occur around the globe in temperate zones of the northern hemisphere, northernmost in Norway and southernmost in the South Celebes. Some populations exist in tropical highlands. The oldest known fossil species are from the Early Cretaceous. Morphology They are relatively slow-growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of , with trunk girth averaging . They have reddish bark, lanceolate, flat, dark-green leaves long and broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem. The male cones are globose, across, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time. The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxane
Taxanes are a class of diterpenes. They were originally identified from plants of the genus ''Taxus'' (yews), and feature a taxadiene core. Paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere) are widely used as chemotherapy agents. Cabazitaxel was FDA approved to treat hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Taxanes present difficulties in Pharmaceutical formulation, formulation as medicines because they are poorly soluble in water. Production As their name suggests, taxanes were first derived from natural sources, but some have been semisynthesis, semisynthesized. Paclitaxel was originally derived from the Pacific yew tree. Taxanes are difficult to synthesize because of their numerous chiral centres—taxol has 11 of these. Recently, the presence of taxanes in the shells and leaves of ''Corylus avellana'' (the common hazel plant) has been reported. Mechanism of action The principal mechanism of action of the taxane class of drugs is the disruption of microtubule function. Microtubule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxus Baccata MHNT
''Taxus'' is a genus of coniferous trees or shrubs known as yews in the family Taxaceae. Yews occur around the globe in temperate zones of the northern hemisphere, northernmost in Norway and southernmost in the South Celebes. Some populations exist in tropical highlands. The oldest known fossil species are from the Early Cretaceous. Morphology They are relatively slow-growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of , with trunk girth averaging . They have reddish bark, lanceolate, flat, dark-green leaves long and broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem. The male cones are globose, across, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time. The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combustion Analysis
Combustion analysis is a method used in both organic chemistry and analytical chemistry to determine the elemental composition (more precisely empirical formula) of a pure organic compound by combusting the sample under conditions where the resulting combustion products can be quantitatively analyzed. Once the number of moles of each combustion product has been determined the empirical formula or a partial empirical formula of the original compound can be calculated. Applications for combustion analysis involve only the elements of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) as combustion of materials containing them convert these elements to their oxidized form (CO2, H2O, NO or NO2, and SO2) under high temperature high oxygen conditions. Notable interests for these elements involve measuring total nitrogen in food or feed to determine protein percentage, measuring sulfur in petroleum products, or measuring total organic carbon (TOC) in water. History The method was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungus, fungi, Medicinal plant, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacology, pharmacological activities including antimalarial medication, antimalarial (e.g. quinine), asthma, antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), chemotherapy, anticancer (e.g. omacetaxine mepesuccinate, homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilation, vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), Antiarrhythmic agent, antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archiv Der Pharmazie
The ''Archiv der Pharmazie'' (German pronunciation: [ˈ arˈçiːf ˈdeːɐ̯ farmaˈtsiː], English: ''Archive of Pharmacy'') is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of chemistry in the life sciences. The journal was established in 1822 and is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of the Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft; it is the oldest German pharmaceutical journal still in publication. Until 2019, the editor-in-chief was Holger Stark (Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf). He was succeeded in 2020 by Andreas Link (University of Greifswald). History The first edition appeared in 1822 under the name ''Archiv des Apothekervereins im nördlichen Teutschland für die Pharmacie und ihre Huelfswissenschaften'' (English: ''Archive of the Pharmacists' Association in Northern Germany for Pharmacy and its Auxiliary Sciences''). In 1832, the journal was merged with ''Liebigs Annalen'' (then known as ''Annalen der Pharmacie''), but would split from it following ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
