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Tar And Chip
Chipseal (also chip seal or chip and seal or spray seal) is a pavement surface treatment that combines one or more layers of asphalt with one or more layers of fine aggregate. In the United States, chipseals are typically used on rural roads carrying lower traffic volumes, and the process is often referred to as asphaltic surface treatment. This type of surface has a variety of other names including tar-seal or tarseal, tar and chip, sprayed seal surface dressing, or simply seal. In Australia as well as New Zealand, chipseal roads are common, including usage on major highways. Uses Chipsealing is cheaper than resurfacing an asphalt concrete or a Portland cement concrete pavement, but not as long-lasting. Installation Chipseals are constructed by evenly distributing a thin base of hot tar, bitumen or asphalt onto an existing pavement and then embedding finely graded aggregate into it. The aggregate is evenly distributed over the hot seal spray, then rolled into the bitumen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roadway Noise
Roadway noise is the collective sound energy emanating from motor vehicles. It consists chiefly of road surface, tire, engine/transmission, aerodynamic, and Brake, braking elements. Noise of rolling tires driving on pavement is found to be the biggest contributor of highway noise and increases with higher vehicle speeds. In developed country, developed and developing country, developing countries, roadway noise contributes a proportionately large share of the total societal noise pollution. In the U.S., it contributes more to environmental noise exposure than any other noise source. History Roadway noise began to be measured in a widespread manner in the 1960s, as computer modeling of this phenomenon began to become meaningful. After passage of the National Environmental Policy Act and Noise Control Act, the demand for detailed analysis soared, and decision makers began to look to acoustical scientists for answers regarding the planning of new roadways and the design of no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Building Materials
Building material is material used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings and other structures, like bridges. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, Building insulation, insulation, plumbing, and roofing material, roofing work. They provide the make-up of :Human habitats, habitats and architecture, structures including homes. The total cost of building materials In history, there are trends in building materials from being natural to becoming more human-made and Composite material, composite; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; chosen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pavements
Pavement(s) or paving may refer to: Surfacing * Road surface, the durable surfacing of roads and walkways * Sidewalk, a walkway along the side of a road, called a pavement in British English * Asphalt concrete, a common form of road surface * Cool pavement, pavement that delivers higher solar reflectance than conventional dark pavement * Crazy paving, a means of hard-surfacing used outdoors * Nicolson pavement, a road surface material consisting of wooden blocks * Pavers (flooring), an outdoor floor done in blocks * Permeable paving, paving that enables stormwater to flow through it or between gaps * Portuguese pavement, the traditional paving used in most pedestrian areas in Portugal * Resin-bound paving, a mixture of aggregate stones and resin used to pave footpaths, driveways, etc. * Tactile paving, textured ground surface indicators to assist vision-impaired pedestrians * Whitetopping, the covering of an existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concret ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Road Surface
A road surface (British English) or pavement (North American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, macadam, hoggin, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the beginning of the 20th century and are of two types: metalled (hard-surfaced) and unmetalled roads. Metalled roadways are made to sustain vehicular load and so are usually made on frequently used roads. Unmetalled roads, also known as gravel roads or dirt roads, are rough and can sustain less weight. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways to prevent flooding. Pavements are crucial to countries such as United St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macadam
Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam , in which crushed stone is placed in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a cement or bituminous binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point. Predecessors Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to road building. A Frenchman from an engineering family, he worked paving roads in Paris from 1757 to 1764. As chief engineer of road construction of Limoges, he had opportunity to develop a better and cheaper method of road construction. In 1775, Tresaguet became engineer-general and presented his answer for road improvement in France, which soon became standard practice there. Paperback ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roadway Noise
Roadway noise is the collective sound energy emanating from motor vehicles. It consists chiefly of road surface, tire, engine/transmission, aerodynamic, and Brake, braking elements. Noise of rolling tires driving on pavement is found to be the biggest contributor of highway noise and increases with higher vehicle speeds. In developed country, developed and developing country, developing countries, roadway noise contributes a proportionately large share of the total societal noise pollution. In the U.S., it contributes more to environmental noise exposure than any other noise source. History Roadway noise began to be measured in a widespread manner in the 1960s, as computer modeling of this phenomenon began to become meaningful. After passage of the National Environmental Policy Act and Noise Control Act, the demand for detailed analysis soared, and decision makers began to look to acoustical scientists for answers regarding the planning of new roadways and the design of no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chipseal Surface Close-up View
Chipseal (also chip seal or chip and seal or spray seal) is a pavement surface treatment that combines one or more layers of asphalt with one or more layers of fine aggregate. In the United States, chipseals are typically used on rural roads carrying lower traffic volumes, and the process is often referred to as asphaltic surface treatment. This type of surface has a variety of other names including tar-seal or tarseal, tar and chip, sprayed seal surface dressing, or simply seal. In Australia as well as New Zealand, chipseal roads are common, including usage on major highways. Uses Chipsealing is cheaper than resurfacing an asphalt concrete or a Portland cement concrete pavement, but not as long-lasting. Installation Chipseals are constructed by evenly distributing a thin base of hot tar, bitumen or asphalt onto an existing pavement and then embedding finely graded aggregate into it. The aggregate is evenly distributed over the hot seal spray, then rolled into the bitumen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asphalt Concrete
Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt, blacktop, or pavement in North America, and Tarmacadam, tarmac or bitumen macadam in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface road surface, roads, parking lots, airports, and the core of embankment dams. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the nineteenth century. It consists of Construction aggregate, mineral aggregate Binder (material), bound together with bitumen (a substance also independently known as asphalt, Pitch (resin), pitch, or tar), laid in layers, and compacted. The American English terms ''asphalt'' (or ''asphaltic'') ''concrete'', ''bituminous asphalt concrete'', and ''bituminous mixture'' are typically used only in engineering and construction documents, which define concrete as any composite material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder. The abbreviation, ''AC'', is sometimes used for ''asphalt concrete'' but can also denot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Road Slipperiness
Road slipperiness is a condition of low Skid (automobile), skid resistance due to insufficient road friction. It is a result of snow, ice, water, road debris, loose material and the Texture (roads), texture of the Pavement (material), road surface on the traction (engineering), traction produced by the wheels of a vehicle. Road slipperiness can be measured either in terms of the friction between a freely-spinning wheel and the ground, or the braking distance of a braking vehicle, and is related to the coefficient of friction between the tyre and the road surface. Public works agencies spend a sizeable portion of their budget measuring and reducing road slipperiness. Even a small increase in slipperiness of a section of road can increase the accident rate of the section of road tenfold. Maintenance activities affecting slipperiness include drainage repair, snow removal and street sweeper, street sweeping. More intensive measures may include diamond grinding of pavement, grinding or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bleeding (roads)
Bleeding or flushing is shiny, black surface film of asphalt on the road surface caused by upward movement of asphalt in the pavement surface. Common causes of bleeding are too much asphalt in asphalt concrete, hot weather, low space air void content and quality of asphalt. Bleeding is a safety concern since it results in a very smooth surface, without the texture required to prevent hydroplaning. Road performance measures such as IRI cannot capture the existence of bleeding as it does not increase the surface roughness. But other performance measures such as PCI do include bleeding. See also * Pavement Condition Index * International Roughness Index *Asphalt concrete * Road slipperiness Road slipperiness is a condition of low Skid (automobile), skid resistance due to insufficient road friction. It is a result of snow, ice, water, road debris, loose material and the Texture (roads), texture of the Pavement (material), road surface ... References Asphalt Road construct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crushed Stone
Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers. It is distinct from naturally occurring gravel, which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion and typically has a more rounded shape. Use * Angular crushed stone is the key material for macadam road construction, which depends on the interlocking of the individual stones' angular faces for its strength. * As riprap * As railroad track ballast * As filter stone. * As composite material (with a binder) in concrete, tarmac, and asphalt concrete. * In landscaping as a groundcover, walkway and driveway pavement, and infill for permeable pavers. As a mineral groundcover its benefits include erosion control, water conservation, weed suppression, and aesthetics. It is often seen used in rock gardens and cactus gardens. Background Crushed stone is a major basic ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
