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Surcharge (sanction)
Prior to 2000 a local government officer or councillor in the United Kingdom, who had unlawfully spent public funds, or caused loss to a local authority through misconduct could be surcharged to recover public money. The surcharge was applied, after referral to a court by the Audit Commission. In the case of an illegal corporate decision by an elected body, all the councillors could be surcharged. Councillors from Lambeth London Borough Council and Liverpool City Council who were involved in the rate-capping rebellion in 1985 were surcharged. Councillors in the 1973 Clay Cross Urban District Council Housing Finance Act dispute were surcharged £685 (equivalent to £ today) for refusing to increase housing rent. The Committee on Standards in Public Life recommended repealing surcharge because it was unfair for local government officers and councillors, and "bore no relation to people's ability to pay or their culpability". The Local Government Act 2000 amended the Audit Commissio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Audit Commission (United Kingdom)
The Audit Commission was a public corporation in the United Kingdom from 1983 to 2015. The commission's primary objective was to appoint auditors to a range of local public bodies in England, set the standards for auditors and oversee their work. The commission closed on 31 March 2015, with its functions being transferred to the voluntary, not-for-profit or private sector. On 13 August 2010, it was leaked to the media, ahead of an official announcement, that the commission was to be scrapped. In 2009-10 the commission cost the central government £28 million to run, with the remainder of its income coming from audit fees charged to local public bodies. History Local government audit law has its origins in nineteenth century Poor Law and public health legislation. The Audit Commission was established under the Local Government Finance Act 1982, to appoint auditors to all local authorities in England and Wales and it became operational on 1 April 1983. The National Health Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lambeth London Borough Council
Lambeth London Borough Council, which styles itself Lambeth Council, is the local authority for the London Borough of Lambeth in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of the 32 in London. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2006. The council meets at Lambeth Town Hall in Brixton and has its main offices at the nearby Civic Centre. History There has been an elected Lambeth local authority since 1856 when the vestry of the ancient parish of Lambeth was incorporated under the Metropolis Management Act 1855. The vestry served as one of the lower tier authorities within the area of the Metropolitan Board of Works, which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London. In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs, each with a borough council, which saw the parish of Lambeth become the Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liverpool City Council
Liverpool City Council is the Local government in England, local authority for the City status in the United Kingdom, city of Liverpool in Merseyside, England. Liverpool has had a local authority since 1207, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. It provides the majority of local government services in the city. The council has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority since 2014. The council has been under Labour Party (UK), Labour majority control since 2010. It meets at Liverpool Town Hall and has its main offices at the Cunard Building. History Liverpool was an ancient borough, having been granted its first Municipal charter, charter by John of England, King John in 1207. It had a Mayors in England, mayor from at least 1292. Municipal borough Liverpool was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rate-capping Rebellion
The rate-capping rebellion was a campaign within English local councils in 1985 which aimed to force the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher to withdraw powers to restrict the spending of councils. The affected councils were almost all run by left-wing Labour Party leaderships. The campaign's tactic was that councils whose budgets were restricted would refuse to set any budget at all for the financial year 1985–86, requiring the government to intervene directly in providing local services, or to concede. However, all fifteen councils which initially refused to set a rate eventually did so, and the campaign failed to change government policy. Powers to restrict council budgets have remained in place ever since. Rising local government spending had long been a concern of central government, but direct powers to limit individual council budgets were controversial and some Conservative Party members opposed them. While the measure was passing through Parliament, internal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clay Cross Urban District Council
Clay Cross was an Urban District in Derbyshire, England, from 1894 to 1974.F A Youngs Jr., ''Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol II: Northern England'', London, 1991 It was created under the Local Government Act 1894. It was enlarged in 1935 when parts of the civil parishes of Pilsley, Stretton, Tupton and Woodthorpe were transferred to the district from Chesterfield Rural District. The district was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 and combined with Dronfield Urban District and Chesterfield Rural District (except the civil parish of Brimington) to form the new North East Derbyshire North East Derbyshire is a Non-metropolitan district, local government district in Derbyshire, England. The council is based in the large village of Wingerworth. The district also includes the towns of Dronfield and Clay Cross as well as numerou ... district. References Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894 Districts of E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Committee On Standards In Public Life
The Committee on Standards in Public Life (CSPL) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom Government, established by John Major in 1994 to advise the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister on ethical standards of public life. It promotes a code of conduct called the Seven Principles of Public Life, also known as the Nolan principles after the first chairman of the committee, Michael Nolan, Baron Nolan, Lord Nolan. Function The Committee on Standards in Public Life is an independent advisory non-departmental public body, with a secretariat and budget provided by the Cabinet Office. The committee advises and makes recommendations to the prime minister on ethical standards in public life. It can conduct inquiries and collect evidence to assess institutions, policies and practices. It is formally responsible for: * advising the Prime Minister on ethical issues relating to standards in public life * conducting broad inquiries into standards of co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Local Government Act 2000
The Local Government Act 2000 (c. 22) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales. Its principal purposes are: * to give powers to local authorities to promote economic, social and environmental well-being within their boundaries * to require local authorities to shift from their traditional committee-based system of decision-making to an executive model, possibly with a directly elected mayor (subject to approval by referendum), and with a cabinet of ruling party group members * to create a consequent separation of functions with local authorities, with backbench councillors fulfilling an overview and scrutiny role * to introduce a revised ethical framework for local authorities, requiring the adoption of codes of conduct for elected members and standards committees to implement the codes of conduct; the introduction of a national Standards Board and Adjudication Panel to deal with complaints and to oversee disciplin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Audit Commission Act 1998
The Audit Commission was a public corporation in the United Kingdom from 1983 to 2015. The commission's primary objective was to appoint auditors to a range of local public bodies in England, set the standards for auditors and oversee their work. The commission closed on 31 March 2015, with its functions being transferred to the voluntary, not-for-profit or private sector. On 13 August 2010, it was leaked to the media, ahead of an official announcement, that the commission was to be scrapped. In 2009-10 the commission cost the central government £28 million to run, with the remainder of its income coming from audit fees charged to local public bodies. History Local government audit law has its origins in nineteenth century Poor Law and public health legislation. The Audit Commission was established under the Local Government Finance Act 1982, to appoint auditors to all local authorities in England and Wales and it became operational on 1 April 1983. The National Health Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standards Board For England
The Standards Board for England was a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Communities and Local Government. Established under the Local Government Act 2000, it was responsible for promoting high ethical standards in local government. It oversaw the nationally imposed Code of Conduct (also now abandoned), which covered elected and co-opted members across a range of local authorities. The board maintained an independent national overview of local investigations into allegations that members' conduct might have fallen short of the required standards. In certain cases the board itself investigated allegations. It could not impose sanctions on members, but if it considered that further action might be necessary, it referred cases to the Adjudication Panel for England or to the relevant authority's own standards committee for determination. Standards committees (no longer compulsory since 2012) could suspend members for up to six months. The Adjudication Panel co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adjudication Panel For England
The Adjudication Panel for England was an independent judicial tribunal set up under the Local Government Act 2000. Its role was to rule on alleged breaches of English local authorities' codes of conduct by elected members of those authorities. History and function The Panel was a non-departmental public body which ruled on complaints referred to it by the Standards Board for England. It was able to impose a range of penalties, ranging from a reprimand to disqualification from holding elected office for up to five years. The Chair of the Panel was David Laverick. The Panel was abolished in January 2010 and its functions transferred to the First-tier Tribunal. At the time of the transfer, the President of the Adjudication Panel for England was appointed as a Principal Judge of the First-tier Tribunal, its legal members became tribunal Judges and its lay members became tribunal members. Controversial cases Ken Livingstone The Adjudication Panel came to prominence in February 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First-tier Tribunal
The First-tier Tribunal is a first-instance general tribunal in the United Kingdom. It was created in 2008 as part of a programme, enacted in the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, to rationalise the tribunal system, and has since taken on the functions of 20 previously existing tribunals. It is administered by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service. Appeals from it lie to the Upper Tribunal, the second part of the 'two-tier system'. Chambers and jurisdiction The tribunal currently consists of seven chambers, structured around subject areas (although the General Regulatory Chamber has a very broad remit). The chambers may be divided into sections, mirroring the jurisdictions inherited from the tribunals which have been merged into the First-tier Tribunal. Different jurisdictions have been transferred into the tribunal in a programme which began in 2008 and is continuing. Judiciary The judiciary of the First-tier Tribunal comprises tribunal judges and othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disgorgement (law)
Disgorgement is the act of giving up something on demand or by legal compulsion, for example giving up profits that were obtained illegally. In United States regulatory law, disgorgement is often a civil remedy imposed by some regulatory agencies to seize illegally obtained profits. When a private party sues for net profits, this is instead ordinarily known as restitution for unjust enrichment. Indeed, the U.S. Supreme Court has noted in '' Liu v. SEC'' (2020) that disgorgement is simply another term for restitution, and is subject to equitable limitations. Most notably, equity does not "penalize," so agencies cannot disgorge more than the net profits that resulted from the wrongdoing. Overview Disgorgement is a remedy used in US securities law. For example, disgorgement of short-swing profits is the remedy prescribed by § 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The second edition of '' American Jurisprudence'' states that: Although not labelled "disgorgement, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
