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Supracristal Plane
Supracristal plane (''Planum supracristale'') (or supracrestal plane) is an anatomical transverse plane lying at the upper most part of the pelvis, the iliac crest. According to Gray's Anatomy, this anatomical plane crosses the upper border of the spinous process of L4 (fourth lumbar vertebra). It passes through the umbilical region and the left and right lumbar regions. Clinical significance The supracristal plane can be used as a landmark for several nerve branches, as well as an approximate marker for the umbilicus (belly button). It is also used as the divider between the lower (left and right) and upper (left and right) quadrants of the abdomen (where the vertical midline divides left from right). It is also the level where the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac artery and just superior to the union of the common iliac veins. It can help in the identification of the level of L3/L4 where a lumbar puncture can be done safely. See also * Intertu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transverse Plane
A transverse plane is a plane that is rotated 90° from two other planes. Anatomy The transverse plane is an anatomical plane that is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and the dorsal plane. It is also called the axial plane or horizontal plane, especially in human anatomy, but horizontal plane can be misleading with other animals. The plane splits the body into a cranial (head) side and caudal (tail) side, so in humans the plane will be horizontal (dividing the body into superior and inferior sections) but in quadrupeds it will be vertical. Human anatomy Clinically relevant anatomical planes * Transverse '' thoracic plane'' * '' Xiphosternal plane'' (or xiphosternal junction) * '' Transpyloric plane'' * '' Subcostal plane'' * '' Umbilical plane'' (or transumbilical plane) * '' Supracristal plane'' * '' Intertubercular plane'' (or transtubercular plane) * '' Interspinous plane'' Associated structures * The transverse '' thoracic plane'' ** Plane through T4 & T5 verteb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdominal Aorta
In human anatomy, the abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of the descending aorta (of the thorax). Structure The abdominal aorta begins at the level of the diaphragm, crossing it via the aortic hiatus, technically behind the diaphragm, at the vertebral level of T12. It travels down the posterior wall of the abdomen, anterior to the vertebral column. It thus follows the curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, that is, convex anteriorly. The peak of this convexity is at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3). It runs parallel to the inferior vena cava, which is located just to the right of the abdominal aorta, and becomes smaller in diameter as it gives off branches. This is thought to be due to the large size of its principal branches. At the 11th rib, the diameter is 122mm long and 55mm wide and this is because of the constant pressure. The abdominal aorta is clinically divided into 2 segments: # Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Footnotes
In publishing, a note is a brief text in which the author comments on the subject and themes of the book and names supporting citations. In the editorial production of books and documents, typographically, a note is usually several lines of text at the bottom of the page, at the end of a chapter, at the end of a volume, or a house-style typographic usage throughout the text. Notes are usually identified with superscript numbers or a symbol.''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (1992) p. 709. Footnotes are informational notes located at the foot of the thematically relevant page, whilst endnotes are informational notes published at the end of a chapter, the end of a volume, or the conclusion of a multi-volume book. Unlike footnotes, which require manipulating the page design (text-block and page layouts) to accommodate the additional text, endnotes are advantageous to editorial production because the textual inclusion does not alter the design of the publication. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transpyloric Plane
The transpyloric plane, also known as Addison's plane, is an imaginary transverse plane, horizontal plane, located halfway between the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the upper border of the symphysis pubis at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae, L1. It lies roughly a hand's breadth beneath the xiphisternum or midway between the xiphisternum and the navel, umbilicus. The plane in most cases cuts through the pylorus of the stomach, the tips of the ninth costal cartilages and the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. Structures crossed The transpyloric plane is clinically notable because it passes through several important abdominal structures. It also divides the Supracolic compartment, supracolic and infracolic compartments, with the liver, spleen and gastric fundus above it and the small intestine and colon below it. Lumbar vertebra and spinal cord The lower border of first Lumbar vertebrae, lumbar vertebra lies at the level of the transpyloric plane, according ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subcostal Plane
The subcostal plane is a transverse plane which bisects the body at the level of the 10th costal margin and the upper border of the third lumbar vertebra. See also *Inferior mesenteric artery *Quadrants and regions of abdomen The human abdomen is divided into quadrants and regions by anatomy, anatomists and physicians for the purposes of study, medical diagnosis, diagnosis, and therapy, treatment. The division into four quadrants allows the localisation of pain and te ... * Supracristal plane * Transpyloric plane * Transtubercular plane References External links * http://www.liv.ac.uk/HumanAnatomy/phd/mbchb/travel/surface1.html * http://www.qub.ac.uk/cskills/Abd%20exam.htm Anatomical planes {{Anatomy-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quadrants And Regions Of Abdomen
The human abdomen is divided into quadrants and regions by anatomy, anatomists and physicians for the purposes of study, medical diagnosis, diagnosis, and therapy, treatment. The division into four quadrants allows the localisation of pain and tenderness (medicine), tenderness, scars, lumps, and other items of interest, narrowing in on which organ (anatomy), organs and tissue (biology), tissues may be involved. The quadrants are referred to as the left lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, right upper quadrant and right lower quadrant. These terms are not used in comparative anatomy, since most other animals do not stand erect. The left lower quadrant includes the left iliac fossa and half of the Flank (anatomy), flank. The equivalent in other animals is ''left posterior quadrant''. The left upper quadrant extends from the umbilical plane to the left ribcage. This is the ''left anterior quadrant'' in other animals. The right upper quadrant extends from umbilical plane to the right ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intertubercular Plane
A lower transverse plane midway between the upper transverse and the upper border of the pubic symphysis; this is termed the intertubercular plane (or transtubercular), since it practically corresponds to that passing through the iliac tubercles; behind, its plane cuts the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra. Additional images Image:Gray1034.png, Front view of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.a. Median plane.b. Lateral planes.c. Trans tubercular plane.d. Subcostal plane.e. Transpyloric plane. Image:Gray1227.png, Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for arteries and inguinal canal. See also * Quadrants and regions of abdomen * Subcostal plane * Supracristal plane * Transpyloric plane The transpyloric plane, also known as Addison's plane, is an imaginary transverse plane, horizontal plane, located halfway between the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the upper border of the symphysis pubis at the level of the first lumba ... References External links * http:// ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Iliac Veins
In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins. The left and right common iliac veins come together in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, forming the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. Structure The external iliac vein and internal iliac vein unite in front of the sacroiliac joint to form the common iliac veins. Both common iliac veins ascend to form the inferior vena cava behind the right common iliac artery at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The vena cava is to the right of the midline and therefore the left common iliac vein is longer than the right. The left common iliac vein occasionally travels upwards to the left of the aorta to the level of the kidney, where it receives the left renal vein and crosses in front of the aorta to join the inferior vena cava. The right ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Iliac Artery
The common iliac artery is a large artery of the abdomen paired on each side. It originates from the aortic bifurcation at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra. It ends in front of the sacroiliac joint, one on either side, and each bifurcates into the external and internal iliac arteries. Structure The common iliac artery are about 4 cm long in adults and more than a centimeter in diameter. It begins as a branch of the aorta. This is at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. It runs inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles. It bifurcates into the external iliac artery and the internal iliac artery at the pelvic brim, in front of the sacroiliac joints. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb (as the femoral artery) on the corresponding side. Relations Both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal cavity. In arthropods, it is the posterior tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax. In humans, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear. In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large body cavity enclosed by the abdominal muscles, at the front and to the sides, and by part of the vertebral column at the back. Low ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pelvis
The pelvis (: pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of an Anatomy, anatomical Trunk (anatomy), trunk, between the human abdomen, abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis or pelvic skeleton). The pelvic region of the trunk includes the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity (the space enclosed by the bony pelvis), the pelvic floor, below the pelvic cavity, and the perineum, below the pelvic floor. The pelvic skeleton is formed in the area of the back, by the sacrum and the coccyx and anteriorly and to the left and right sides, by a pair of hip bones. The two hip bones connect the spine with the lower limbs. They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly, connected to each other anteriorly, and joined with the two femurs at the hip joints. The gap enclosed by the bony pelvis, called the pelvic cavity, is the section of the body underneath the abdomen and mainly consists of the reproductive organs and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
