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Supporters Of Archduke Charles
Austriacista is the term currently used by Spanish historiography to refer to the Spanish supporters of Archduke Charles of Austria as a candidate to the Spanish Crown during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713). Bourbon supporters on the other hand supported Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. Although present in Castile and Spanish America, support for the Habsburgs was concentrated in the territories of the Crown of Aragon which included Valencia, Mallorca and the Principality of Catalonia. Crown of Aragon The states within the Crown of Aragon strongly supported the Habsburg claim due to a belief that Bourbon absolutism threatened local constitutional systems rooted in their fueros, which gave extensive autonomy to local structures within a pluralistic structure of a number of kingdoms under the same crown. Earlier tensions between centralists and localists had already spilled over into violent confrontations from the 1590 Alterations of Aragon. In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Roman Empire Arms-double Head
Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a " sacred artifact" that is venerated and blessed), or places (" sacred ground"). French sociologist Émile Durkheim considered the dichotomy between the sacred and the profane to be the central characteristic of religion: "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to ''sacred things'', that is to say, things set apart and forbidden." Durkheim, Émile. 1915. ''The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life''. London: George Allen & Unwin. . In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represents the interests of the group, especially unity, which are embodied in sacred group symbols, or using team work to help get out of trouble. The profane, on the other hand, involve mundane individual concerns. Etymology The word ''sacred'' des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fueros
(), (), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ; all of these words have related, but somewhat different meanings. The Spanish term has a wide range of meanings, depending upon its context. It has meant a compilation of laws, especially a local or regional one; a set of laws specific to an identified class or estate (for example , comparable to a military code of justice, or , specific to the Roman Catholic Church). In many of these senses, its equivalent in medieval England would be the custumal. In the 20th century, Francisco Franco's regime used the term for several of the fundamental laws. The term implied these were not constitutions subject to debate and change by a sovereign people, but orders from the only legitimate source of authority, as in feudal times. Characteris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Alliance (League Of Augsburg)
The Grand Alliance (, , , , ), sometimes erroneously referred to as its precursor the League of Augsburg, was formed on 20 December 1689. Signed by William III on behalf of the Dutch Republic and England, and Roman-German Emperor Leopold I for the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, its primary purpose was to oppose the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France. With the later additions of Spain and Savoy, the coalition fought the Nine Years' War (1688–1697) against France that ended with the Peace of Ryswick. The Second Grand Alliance was formed by the 1701 Treaty of The Hague prior to the War of the Spanish Succession, and was dissolved in 1713 following the Peace of Utrecht. Background The Grand Alliance was the most significant of the coalitions formed in response to the wars of Louis XIV that began in 1667 and ended in 1714. Post-1648, French expansion was helped by the decline of Spanish power while the Peace of Westphalia formalised religious divisions within ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Anna Of Neuburg
Maria Anna of Neuburg (28 October 1667 – 16 July 1740), was a German princess and member of the Wittelsbach family. In 1689, she became Queen of Spain as the second wife of Charles II of Spain, last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire. Since Charles never had children, her reign was dominated by the struggle between French and Austrian factions over the Spanish throne. When Charles died in 1700, he was succeeded by Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, leading to the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession. A firm supporter of the Austrian candidate, Maria Anna was exiled and lived in obscurity until her death in 1740. Background and marriage Born 28 October 1667 at Benrath Palace near Düsseldorf, Maria Anna was the twelfth child of Philip William, ruler of the duchies of Berg and Jülich, and his wife, Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt. A family reputation for fertility and their Wittelsbach connections made the daughters a popular choice for r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles II Of Spain
Charles II (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700) was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700. The last monarch from the House of Habsburg, which had ruled Spain since 1516, he died without an heir, leading to a European Great Power conflict over the succession. For reasons still debated, Charles experienced lengthy periods of ill health throughout his life. This made the question of who would succeed him central to European diplomacy for much of his reign, one historian writing that "from the day of his birth, they were waiting for his death". The two main candidates were the Austrian Habsburg Archduke Charles, and 16-year-old Philip of Anjou, grandson of Charles' half-sister Maria Theresa and Louis XIV of France. Shortly before his death in November 1700, Charles named Philip his heir, but the acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either France or Austria threatened the European balance of power. Failure to resolve these issues through diplomacy resulted in the 1701 to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Admiral Of Castile
Admiral of Castile was the representative of the King of Castile at the head of the Navy. It was a dignity created in 1247 that lasted until 1705. Admiral of Castile The title of Admiral of Castile was created by King Ferdinand III the Saint in 1247 for the successful Siege of Seville, appointing Ramón de Bonifaz to that position. After the conquest of Seville, this title was covered with great authority, power and pre-eminence, which are specified by Alfonso X the Wise in the Siete Partidas. The Admiral resided in Seville, because the Royal Shipyards were constructed there and it was the place where the fleets were armed and organized and where the special maritime court was also located. Among the multiple attributions and powers of the admiral, they included having a voice and casting vote in the Council of Castile. From 1405 to 1705, this position became the heritage of the Enríquez family, descendants of the infante Fadrique Alfonso, natural son of King Alfonso XI o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan Tomás Enríquez De Cabrera
''Juan'' is a given name, the Spanish and Manx versions of ''John''. The name is of Hebrew origin and has the meaning "God has been gracious." It is very common in Spain and in other Spanish-speaking countries around the world and in the Philippines, and also in the Isle of Man (pronounced differently). The name is becoming popular around the world and can be pronounced differently according that region. In Spanish, the diminutive form (equivalent to ''Johnny'') is , with feminine form (comparable to ''Jane'', ''Joan'', or ''Joanna'') , and feminine diminutive (equivalent to ''Janet'', ''Janey'', ''Joanie'', etc.). Chinese terms * ( or 娟, 隽) 'beautiful, graceful' is a common given name for Chinese women. * () The Chinese character 卷, which in Mandarin is almost homophonic with the characters for the female name, is a division of a traditional Chinese manuscript or book and can be translated as 'fascicle', 'scroll', 'chapter', or 'volume'. Notable people * Juan (fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallicanism
Gallicanism is the belief that popular secular authority—often represented by the monarch's or the state's authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the pope. Gallicanism is a rejection of ultramontanism; it has something in common with Anglicanism, but is nuanced, in that it plays down the authority of the Pope in church without denying that there are some authoritative elements to the office associated with being ('first among equals'). Other terms for the same or similar doctrines include Erastianism, Regalism, Febronianism, and Josephinism. Gallicanism originated in France (the term derives from , the Latin name of Gaul), and is unrelated to the first-millennium Catholic Gallican Rite. In the 18th century, it spread to the Low Countries, especially the Netherlands. The University of Notre Dame professor John McGreevy defines it as "the notion that national customs might trump Roman (Catholic Church) regulations."''Catholicism and American Freedom, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regalism
Regalism is the idea that the monarch has supremacy over the Church as an institution, often specifically referring to the Spanish monarchy and the Catholic Church in the Spanish Empire. Regalists sought reforms that "were intended to redefine the clergy as a professional class of spiritual specialists with fewer judicial and administrative responsibilities and less independence than in Habsburg times." Origins Regalism evolved in Spain from a narrow focus on the excesses of the Catholic Church’s secular authority to a doctrine that emphasized the supreme power of the monarchy and its role in society and in the international order. Starting in the 1970s, some historians have viewed regalism as being rooted in the Patronato Real, the crown’s power of appointment of ecclesiastics to Church offices granted to the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel and Ferdinand, giving monarchy the power of appointment of ecclesiastics in their overseas realms of Spanish America and later the Philippines. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Constitutions
The Catalan constitutions (, ) were the laws of the Principality of Catalonia promulgated by the Count of Barcelona and approved by the Catalan Courts. The ''Corts'' in Catalan have the same origin as ''courts'' in English (the sovereign's councillors or retinue) but instead meaning the legislature. The first constitutions were promulgated by the ''Corts'' of 1283. The last ones were promulgated by the ''Corts'' of 1705. They had pre-eminence over the other legal rules and could only be revoked by the Catalan Courts themselves. The compilations of the constitutions and other rights of Catalonia followed the Roman tradition of the Codex. History Origin: The Catalan Courts of 1283 The first Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Catalan Courts held in Barcelona in 1283. The last ones were promulgated in 1706 by the Courts of 1705–1706 during the disputed reign of Charles III, the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pact Of Genoa
The Pact of Genoa was a military and political alliance formed in 1705 between the Kingdom of England and Hapsburg supporting landowners (known as Vigatans) on behalf of the Principality of Catalonia within the framework set by the War of Spanish Succession. According to the terms of agreement, England stationed troops in Catalonia, which, united with the Catalonian forces, fought in favour of Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire for the candidacy of the Spanish throne against the armies of Philip V of Spain, compromising the maintenance of Catalonian laws and institutions. Background After the Landing at Barcelona in May 1704 failed to capture the city, the viceroy of Catalonia the Castilian nobleman Francisco Antonio Fernández de Velasco y Tovar began repressing pro-Hapsburg sentiment. Among Josep Duran's documents—which had been part of a link connecting Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt to the landing—was the Conference of the Three Commons, "the office where the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Revolt Of The Brotherhoods
The Second Brotherhood () was an uprising in the central regions of the Kingdom of Valencia of Habsburg Spain in 1693. The protesters named themselves ''agermanats'' after the '' germanies'' ("brotherhoods") or guilds of Valencia who had revolted in 1519 in the Revolt of the Brotherhoods, but the two revolts are quite different in their supporters and the social context in which they occurred. Rather than a revolt by middle-class guildsmen, the Second Brotherhood was a peasant revolt against high rents on farmland and crops. Additionally, the Second Brotherhood was resolved far faster and far more peaceably than the violence of the 1519 revolt in both the rebels' actions and the government's subsequent repression. Background One of the major causes behind the first revolt was public distrust and hatred of the Moriscos. However, at the beginning of the 17th century King Phillip III expelled them all. This removed the original motive for a revolt, but wrecked the economy of Valen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
