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Sulfonylurea
Sulfonylureas or sulphonylureas are a class of organic compounds used in medicine and agriculture. The functional group consists of a sulfonyl group (-S(=O)2) with its sulphur atom bonded to a nitrogen atom of a ureylene group (N,N-dehydrourea, a dehydrogenated derivative of urea). The side chains R1 and R2 distinguish various sulfonylureas. Sulfonylureas are the most widely used herbicide. Agricultural uses Many sulfonylureas are also used as herbicides, because they can interfere with plant biosynthesis of certain amino acids. As herbicides sulfonylureas function by interfering with biosynthesis of the amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine, specifically via acetolactate synthase inhibition. Compounds in this class include amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, imazosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfonylurea Group And Radicals
Sulfonylureas or sulphonylureas are a class of organic compounds used in medicine and agriculture. The functional group consists of a sulfonyl group (-S(=O)2) with its sulphur atom bonded to a nitrogen atom of a ureylene group (N,N-dehydrourea, a dehydrogenated derivative of urea). The side chains R1 and R2 distinguish various sulfonylureas. Sulfonylureas are the most widely used herbicide. Agricultural uses Many sulfonylureas are also used as herbicides, because they can interfere with plant biosynthesis of certain amino acids. As herbicides sulfonylureas function by interfering with biosynthesis of the amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine, specifically via acetolactate synthase inhibition. Compounds in this class include amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, imazosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antidiabetic Drug
Drugs used in diabetes treat types of diabetes mellitus by decreasing blood sugar level, glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of Insulin (medication), insulin, most GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, exenatide, and others), and pramlintide, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of hypoglycemic drugs, and selection of the appropriate agent depends on the nature of diabetes, age, and situation of the person, as well as other patient factors. Type 1 diabetes or Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells or from variable degrees of insulin resistance and deficiency. Chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes can lead to multiorgan damage, resulting in renal, neurologic, cardiovascular, and other serious complications. The treatment for Type 1 diabetes is insul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metformin
Metformin, sold under the brand name Glucophage, among others, is the main first-line medication for the treatment of type2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight. It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, and is sometimes used as an off-label adjunct to lessen the risk of metabolic syndrome in people who take antipsychotic medication. It has been shown to inhibit inflammation, and is not associated with weight gain. Metformin is taken by mouth. Metformin is generally well tolerated. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. It has a small risk of causing low blood sugar. High blood lactic acid level (acidosis) is a concern if the medication is used in overly large doses or prescribed in people with severe kidney problems. Metformin is a biguanide anti- hyperglycemic agent. It works by decreasing glucose production in the liver, increasing the insulin sensitivity of body tissues, and increasing GDF15 s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neonatal Diabetes
Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a disease that affects an infant and their body's ability to produce or use insulin. NDM is a kind of diabetes that is monogenic (regulated by a single gene) and arises in the first 6 months of life. Infants do not produce enough insulin, leading to an increase in glucose accumulation. It is a rare disease, occurring in only one in 100,000 to 500,000 live births. NDM can be mistaken for the much more common type 1 diabetes, but type 1 diabetes usually occurs later than the first 6 months of life. There are two types of NDM: permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM), a lifelong condition, and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM), a form of diabetes that disappears during the infant stage but may reappear later in life. Specific genes that can cause NDM have been identified. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tribenuron-methyl
Tribenuron in the form of tribenuron-methyl is a sulfonylurea herbicide. Its mode of action is the inhibition of acetolactate synthase, group 2 of the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee's classification scheme. Chemistry In the 1970s, chemists at DuPont worked extensively on sulfonylurea herbicides, following the invention of this class of herbicides by George Levitt which had led to the commercialisation of chlorsulfuron. Tribenuron (the carboxylic acid) and its methyl ester were first disclosed in general terms in one of Levitt's patents and subsequently the ester was subject to further patenting and selected for development under the code name DPX L5300. In the final step of its synthesis, 2-methoxycarbonylbenzenesulfonyl isocyanate was condensed with 2-methylamino-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine to form the sulfonylurea product. : Mode of action Tribenuron is an herbicide that acts as an acetolactate synthase inhibitor. For the purposes of herbicide resistance manag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insulin
Insulin (, from Latin ''insula'', 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (''INS)'' gene. It is the main Anabolism, anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into cells of the liver, fat cell, fat, and skeletal muscles. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen, via glycogenesis, or Fatty acid metabolism#Glycolytic end products are used in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids, fats (triglycerides), via lipogenesis; in the liver, glucose is converted into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver are strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is thus an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metsulfuron-methyl
Metsulfuron-methyl is an organic compound classified as a sulfonylurea herbicide, which kills broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. It is a systemic compound with foliar and soil activity, that inhibits cell division in shoots and root In vascular plants, the roots are the plant organ, organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often bel ...s. It has residual activity in soils, allowing it to be used infrequently but requiring up to 22 months before planting certain crops (sunflowers, flax, corn, or safflower). It has very low toxicity to mammals, birds, fish, and insects but is a moderate eye irritant. References Sulfonylurea herbicides Benzenesulfonylureas Triazines Benzoate esters Methyl esters Group 2 herbicides {{ester-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorsulfuron
Chlorsulfuron is an Acetolactate synthase inhibitor, ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor herbicide, and is a sulfonylurea compound. It was discovered by George Levitt in February 1976 while working at E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, DuPont, which was the patent assignee. Brand names Originally introduced in 1982 under the brand name Glean by DuPont, later also as Telar, in North America. Chemistry The first synthesis of chlorsulfuron was disclosed in a patent filed by the American chemical company DuPont (1802–2017), DuPont in 1977. 2-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl isocyanate was condensation reaction, condensed with 2-amino-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine to form the sulfonylurea product. : Mode of action Chlorsulfuron is an herbicide of the acetolactate synthase inhibitor (ALS inhibitor) class, Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, HRAC (Herbicide Resistance Action Committee) group 2 (legacy HRAC Group B, Australian Group B). Efficacy ''Triticum aestivum'' is naturally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfometuron-methyl
Sulfometuron methyl is an organic compound used as an herbicide. It is classed as a sulfonylurea. It functions via the inhibition of the enzyme acetolactate synthase, which catalyzes the first step in biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the depro .... References {{Herbicides Benzenesulfonylureas Herbicides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetolactate Synthase
The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme (also known as acetohydroxy acid or acetohydroxyacid synthase, abbr. AHAS) is a protein found in plants and micro-organisms. ALS catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine). A human protein of yet unknown function, sharing some sequence similarity with bacterial ALS, is encoded by the ILVBL (ilvB-like) gene. Structure Gene Human ILVBL gene has 17 exons resides on chromosome 19 at q13.1. Protein The catalytic peptide of ALS in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' (mouse-eared cress) is a chloroplastic protein consisting of 670 residues, the last 615 of which form the active form. Three main domains are found, with two thiamine pyrophosphate sandwiching a DHS-like NAD/FAD-binding domain. In SCOP assignment, these subunits are named d1yhya1, d1yhya2, and d1yhya3 from the N-terminal to the C-terminal. The structure of acetolactate synthase that was used for the picture on this page wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flazasulfuron
Flazasulfuron is a sulfonylurea herbicide used for controlling the unwanted growth of grass, broad-leaved weeds and sedges. The mode of action of flazasulfuron is through the inhibition of the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS), which results in the inhibition of amino acid synthesis, cell division and ultimately plant growth. Flazasulfuron can be used on both pre-emergent weeds and post-emergent weeds. Growth ceases within hours of the application of the compound. Symptoms include leaf discolouration, desiccation, necrosis and ultimately plant death within 20 – 25 days of application. It is a white, water-soluble solid. Synthesis The synthesis of flazasulfuron begins with the one pot chlorination and chlorine/fluorine exchange of 3-picoline (1). This reaction is performed in the gas phase in a purpose built reactor where the desired product (2) is one of the components of the crude product mixture. Treatment of (2) with sodium hydrosulfide gives (3) by nucleophillic aromatic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and unexplained weight loss. Other symptoms include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins and needles, and sores (wounds) that heal slowly. Symptoms often develop slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, stroke, diabetic retinopathy, which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the lower limbs, which may lead to amputations. A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon. Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are genetically more at risk than others. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primaril ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
