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Sulfated Polysaccharide
Heparinoids are glycosaminoglycans which are chemically and pharmacologically related to heparin. They include oligosaccharides and sulfated polysaccharides of plant, animal, or synthetic origin. Multiple scientific studies have been conducted on heparinoids. Heparinoids, like heparin, act by interacting with heparin binding proteins, generally through ionic interactions or hydrogen bonding. Some examples of heparin binding proteins include antithrombin III. It is thought that much protein interaction with heparin is not direct, and instead heparin binding protein actually interact with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains or mucins bound to the heparin polymer, so it is possible that heparinoids interact with these proteins in a similar way, acquiring GAG side chains in vivo. One counterexample is the protein chymase, which directly binds to heparin. Sulfated polysaccharides From animal tissues Dermatan sulfate is one example of a compound that is classified as a heparinoid. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycosaminoglycan
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units (i.e. two-sugar units). The repeating two-sugar unit consists of a uronic sugar and an amino sugar, except in the case of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan keratan, where, in place of the uronic sugar there is a galactose unit. GAGs are found in vertebrates, invertebrates and bacteria. Because GAGs are highly polar molecules and attract water; the body uses them as lubricants or shock absorbers. Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of metabolic disorders in which abnormal accumulations of glycosaminoglycans occur due to enzyme deficiencies. Production Glycosaminoglycans vary greatly in molecular mass, disaccharide structure, and sulfation. This is because GAG synthesis is not template driven, as are proteins or nucleic acids, but constantly altered by processing enzymes. GAGs are classified into four groups, based on their core disaccharide structures: # H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chitosan
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and ''N''-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating the chitin shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as sodium hydroxide. Chitosan has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses. It can be used in agriculture as a seed treatment and biopesticide, helping plants to fight off fungal infections. In winemaking, it can be used as a fining agent, also helping to prevent spoilage. In industry, it can be used in a self-healing polyurethane paint coating. In medicine, it is useful in bandages to reduce bleeding and as an antibacterial agent; it can also be used to help deliver drugs through the skin. History In 1799, British chemist Charles Hatchett experimented with decalcifying the shells of various crustaceans, finding that a soft, yellow and cartilage-like substance was left behind that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATC Code B01AB
B01A Antithrombotic agents B01AA Vitamin K antagonists :B01AA01 Dicoumarol :B01AA02 Phenindione :B01AA03 Warfarin :B01AA04 Phenprocoumon :B01AA07 Acenocoumarol :B01AA08 Ethyl biscoumacetate :B01AA09 Clorindione :B01AA10 Diphenadione :B01AA11 Tioclomarol :B01AA12 Fluindione B01AB Heparin group :B01AB01 Heparin :B01AB02 Antithrombin III :B01AB04 Dalteparin :B01AB05 Enoxaparin :B01AB06 Nadroparin :B01AB07 Parnaparin :B01AB08 Reviparin :B01AB09 Danaparoid :B01AB10 Tinzaparin :B01AB11 Sulodexide :B01AB12 Bemiparin :B01AB51 Heparin, combinations B01AC Platelet aggregation inhibitors excluding heparin :B01AC01 Ditazole :B01AC02 Cloricromen :B01AC03 Picotamide :B01AC04 Clopidogrel :B01AC05 Ticlopidine :B01AC06 Acetylsalicylic acid :B01AC07 Dipyridamole :B01AC08 Carbasalate calcium :B01AC09 Epoprostenol :B01AC10 Indobufen :B01AC11 Iloprost :B01AC13 Abciximab :B01AC15 Aloxiprin :B01AC16 Eptifibatide :B01AC17 Tirofiban :B01AC18 Triflusal :B01AC19 Beraprost :B01AC21 Treprostinil :B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
K5 Polysaccharide
K5, K05 or K-5 may be: Places * Gasherbrum I, the 11th highest mountain peak in the world * K-5 (Kansas highway), a state highway in Kansas * K5 Plan, vast defensive belt along the Cambodian-Thai border Transportation * Wings of Alaska, IATA airline designator * Kinner K-5, a light general and sport aircraft engine Vehicles * , a Royal Navy submarine sunk in 1921 * or , a 1940 British Royal Navy then Free French Navy * , a 1914 United States Navy K-class submarine * PRR K5, a 1929 American experimental 4-6-2 "Pacific" type steam locomotive * LNER Class K5, a class of British steam locomotives * GSR Class K5, an 1894 Irish steam locomotive * Chevrolet K5 Blazer, a 1969-91 full size SUV * Kia Optima, a car branded as K5 in some markets Weaponry * Daewoo Precision Industries K5, a pistol used by the South Korean military * Krupp K5, a railway gun of World War II Germany * Kaliningrad K-5, a Soviet-era air-to-air missile * K-5 (SLBM), a submarine-launched ballistic missile T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fagus Sylvatica
''Fagus sylvatica'', the European beech or common beech, is a large, graceful deciduous tree in the Fagaceae, beech family with smooth silvery-gray bark, large leaf area, and a short trunk with low branches. Description ''Fagus sylvatica'' is a large tree, capable of reaching heights of up to tall and trunk diameter, though more typically tall and up to trunk diameter. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about tall. Undisturbed, the European beech has a lifespan of 300 years; one tree at the Valle Cervara site was more than 500 years old—the oldest known in the northern hemisphere. In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age. 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for Fagus grandifolia, American beech). Like most trees, its form depends on the location: in forest areas, ''F. sylvatica'' grows to over , with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically ) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pentosan
Pentosans are polymers composed of pentoses. In contrast to cellulose, which is composed of hexose (glucose) monomers, pentosans are derived from five-carbon sugars such as xylose. Pentosan-rich biomass is the precursor to furfural. The pentosan content has been determined for many natural materials: *29-25%: oat hulls, cottonseed hulls, barley, sugarcane bagasse, sunflower husks *24-20% wheat straw, flax shives, hazelnut shells, birchwood, eucalyptus wood *8% pinewood *3% peanut shells Pentosans can act as heparinoids, glycosaminoglycans which are derivatives of heparin. They can have an influence on bread quality.Water-Soluble Pentosans in Flours Varying Widely in Bread-Making Potential. Rita Pi-Chi Tao and Yeshajahu Pomeranz, Food Science, Volume 32, Issue 2, March 1967, Pages 162–168, See also * Pentosan polysulfate, a semi-synthetic polysulfated xylan sold for the relief of various medical conditions including thrombi and interstitial cystitis in huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alginic Acid
Alginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae. It is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. When the alginic acid binds with sodium and calcium ions, the resulting salts are known as alginates. Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms. It is a significant component of the biofilms produced by the bacterium ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', a major pathogen found in the lungs of some people who have cystic fibrosis. The biofilm and ''P. aeruginosa'' have a high resistance to antibiotics, but are susceptible to inhibition by macrophages. Alginate was discovered by British chemical scientist E. C. C. Stanford in 1881, and he patented an extraction process for it in the same year. The alginate was extracted, in the original patent, by first soaking the algae in water or diluted acid, then extracting the alginate by soaking it in sodium carbonate, and finall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyaluronan
Hyaluronic acid (; abbreviated HA; conjugate acid, conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anion#Anions and cations, anionic, Sulfation, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective tissue, connective, epithelial tissue, epithelial, and neural tissues. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans as it is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human Synovial fluid, synovial HA averages about per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention . Medically, hyaluronic acid is used to treat osteoarthritis of the knee and dry eye, for wound repair, and as a cosmetic filler. The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day. As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, it contributes significantly to cell proliferation and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carrageenan
Carrageenans or carrageenins ( ; ) are a family of natural linear sulfation, sulfated polysaccharides. They are extracted from red algae, red edible seaweeds. Carrageenans are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Their main application is in dairy and meat products, due to their strong binding to food proteins. Carrageenans have emerged as a promising candidate in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications as they resemble animal glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They are used for tissue engineering, wound coverage, and drug delivery. Carrageenans contain 15–40% ester-sulfate content, which makes them anionic polysaccharides. They can be mainly categorized into three classes based on their sulfate content. Kappa-carrageenan has one sulfate group per disaccharide, iota-carrageenan has two, and lambda-carrageenan has three. A common seaweed used for manufacturing the hydrophilic colloids to produce carrageenan is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fucoidan
Fucoidan is a long chain sulfated polysaccharide found in various species of brown algae. Commercially available fucoidan is commonly extracted from the seaweed species ''Fucus vesiculosus'' (Wrack (seaweed), wracks), ''Cladosiphon okamuranus'', ''Laminaria japonica'' (''kombu'', sugar kelp) and ''Undaria pinnatifida'' (''wakame''). Variant forms of fucoidan have also been found in animal species, including the sea cucumber. Fucoidan occurs in the cell walls of the seaweed plant and serves to protect it from external stresses. The same protective benefits that are of value to the seaweed plant have also found to be of potential benefit for both human and animal health. Fucoidan extracts are utilised in a range of therapeutic health care preparations, being incorporated as high value ingredients in nutritional, medical device, skincare and dermatological products. The bioactivity of fucoidan extracts is largely determined by the fucoidan extraction method and the seaweed species fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepirudin
Lepirudin is an anticoagulant that functions as a direct thrombin inhibitor. Brand name: Refludan, Generic: Lepirudin rDNA for injection. Lepirudin is a recombinant hirudin derived from yeast cells. Lepirudin is almost identical to hirudin extracted from ''Hirudo medicinalis'', having the amino acid sequence LTYTDCTESGQNLCLCEGSNVCGQGNKCILGSDGEKNQCVTGEGTPKPQSHNDGDFEEIPEEYLQ with disulfide bridges at Cys6-Cys14, Cys16-Cys28 and Cys22-Cys39, and differs from by the substitution of leucine for isoleucine at the N-terminal end of the molecule and the absence of a sulfate group on the tyrosine at position 63. Lepirudin may be used as an anticoagulant when heparins (unfractionated or low-molecular-weight) are contraindicated because of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is the development of thrombocytopenia (a low platelet count), due to the administration of various forms of heparin, an anticoagulant. HIT predisposes to thrombosis (the abnorm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chitin
Chitin (carbon, C8hydrogen, H13oxygen, O5nitrogen, N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of N-Acetylglucosamine, ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi (especially filamentous and mushroom-forming fungi), the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae, cephalopod beaks and Gladius (cephalopod), gladii of molluscs and in some nematodes and diatoms. It is also synthesised by at least some fish and lissamphibians. Commercially, chitin is extracted from the shells of crabs, shrimps, shellfish and lobsters, which are major by-products of the seafood industry. The structure of chitin is comparable to cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. It is functionally comparable to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved useful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
