|
Su'luk
In early Arabian history, ''su'luk'' (, plural , ''ṣaʿālīk'') was a term that can be translated as brigand, brigand-poet, or vagabond. The sa'alik were mostly individuals who had been forced out of their tribes and who lived on the fringes of society, although some of them maintained ties with their tribes. Some of the sa'alik became renowned poets, writing poetry about the hardships of desert life and their feelings of isolation. Famous sa'alik include Al-Shanfara, Ta'abbata Sharran, and Urwa ibn al-Ward. The sa'alik were most prominent in pre-Islamic Arabia, but persisted during the Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid caliphates. Terminology The precise meaning of the term ''su'luk'' is difficult to determine, because in biographical materials about the ''sa'alik'' poets, the term is used most frequently in the sense of "honorable brigand". However, in poetic texts the term seems to mean "poor". Khatim al-Ta'i and al-A'sha make comparisons between wealth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ta'abbata Sharran
Thabit ibn Jabr, better known by his epithet Ta'abbata Sharran (; lived late 6th century or early 7th century CE) was a Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, pre-Islamic Arabic poet of the ''su'luk'' (vagabond) school. He lived in the Arabian Peninsula near the city of Ta'if, and was a member of the tribe. He was known for engaging in tribal conflict with the Banu Hudhayl and Bajila tribes. He wrote poems about tribal warfare, the hardships of desert life, and ghouls. His work was prominent in the early poetic anthologies, being preserved in both the ''Mufaddaliyat'' (8th century) and the ''Kitab al-Hamasah, Hamasah'' (9th century). Details of his life are known only from pseudo-historical accounts in the poetic anthologies and the ''Kitab al-Aghani''. Name His proper name was Thabit ibn Jabr al-Fahmi. Al-Fahmi is a ''Nisba (onomastics), nisba'' indicating his membership in the Fahm tribe. Ta'abatta Sharran is a ''Arabic name#Laqab, laqab,'' or nickname, which means "he who had evil unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urwa Ibn Al-Ward
'Urwa ibn al-Ward al-'Abasi (; 540–607 CE) was a pre-Islamic Arabic ''su'luk'' poet. He was a member of the Banu Abs tribe. Life Little is known about his life, but he had a reputation for being "the most generous of the ancient Arabs." Poetry Urwa was the most prolific of the ''su'luk'' poets. Yaqub Ibn as-Sikkit wrote a commentary on his poetic Diwan (poetry), diwan. His most famous poem is preserved in the ''Asma'iyyat''. Some of his poetry expresses his love for Salma, his estranged wife who he divorced while drunk. When he recovered, he fell into despair at what he had done. His diwan was edited by Theodor Nöldeke, who published it as ''Die Gedichte des Urwa ibn Alward'' in 1864. References René Basset: Le Dîwân de ‘Orwa ben el Ward. Traduit et annoté par René Basset. Paris: Geuthner 1928. (Publications de la Faculté des Lettres d’Alger. Prémiere Série. Bulletin de correspondence africaine. Tome 62.) Theodor Nöldeke: Die Gedichte des ‘Urwa ibn al-War ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Shanfara
Al-Shanfarā (; died c. 525 CE) was a semi-legendary pre-Islamic poet tentatively associated with Ṭāif, and the supposed author of the celebrated poem ''Lāmiyyāt ‘al-Arab''. He enjoys a status as a figure of an archetypal outlaw antihero (''su'luk''), critiquing the hypocrisies of his society from his position as an outsider. Life The name ''Al-Shanfara'' means "he who has large lips." His full name may be either Thabit ibn Malik or Thabit ibn Aws. What is known about al-Shanfarā is inferred from the poems which he is believed with confidence to have composed. He seems fairly certainly to have belonged to the Yemenite al-Azd tribe, probably specifically to the Al-Khazraj clan. He is sometimes counted among the ''aghribat al-Arab'' (Arab crows), a term referring to Arabs with African mothers. Others argue against his inclusion in this group, which according to scholar Bernard Lewis is due to a confusion between the ''sa'alik'' and the ''aghribat al-Arab'' in some early ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Poetry
Arabic poetry ( ''ash-shi‘r al-‘arabīyy'') is one of the earliest forms of Arabic literature. Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry contains the bulk of the oldest poetic material in Arabic, but Old Arabic inscriptions reveal the art of poetry existed in Arabic writing in material as early as the 1st century BCE, with oral poetry likely being much older still. Arabic poetry is categorized into two main types, rhymed or measured, and prose, with the former greatly preceding the latter. The rhymed poetry falls within fifteen different meters collected and explained by al-Farahidi in ''The Science of ‘ Arud''. Al-Akhfash, a student of al-Farahidi, later added one more meter to make them sixteen. The meters of the rhythmical poetry are known in Arabic as "seas" (''buḥūr''). The measuring unit of seas is known as "''taf‘īlah''," and every sea contains a certain number of taf'ilas which the poet has to observe in every verse ('' bayt'') of the poem. The measuring procedure of a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamiyyat Al-'Arab
The ''Lāmiyyāt al-‘Arab'' (the L-song of the Arabs) is the pre-eminent poem in the surviving canon of the pre-Islamic 'brigand-poets' ('' sa'alik''). The poem also gained a foremost position in Western views of the Orient from the 1820s onwards. The poem takes its name from the last letter of each of its 68 lines, L (Arabic ل, ''lām Lamedh or lamed is the twelfth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Hebrew ''lāmeḏ'' , Aramaic ''lāmaḏ'' 𐡋, Syriac ''lāmaḏ'' ܠ, Arabic ''lām'' , and Phoenician ''lāmd'' 𐤋. Its sound value is . It is also related to the Anc ...''). The poem is traditionally attributed to the putatively sixth-century CE outlaw (''ṣu‘lūk'') Al-Shanfarā, but it has been suspected since medieval times that it was actually composed during the Islamic period. For example, the medieval commentator al-Qālī (d. 969 CE) reported that it was composed by the early anthologist Khalaf al-Aḥmar. The debate has not been resolved; if the poem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yazid Ibn Umar Al-Fazari
Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari (; died 750) was the last Umayyad governor of Iraq. A son of former governor Umar ibn Hubayra, he became one of the most important partisans of Caliph Marwan II in the Third Fitna, but failed to stem the onslaught of the Abbasid Revolution. Defeated, he was captured and executed by the Abbasids after the Siege of Wasit. Origin Like his father, Umar ibn Hubayra, Yazid was a Qaysi from the Jazira, and claimed to belong to the traditional Arab nobility although the family is unknown from the sources until Umar himself. Both father and son are often simply called "Ibn Hubayra" in the sources. His prestige was such that not only did Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik () propose a marriage between Yazid and his granddaughter, the daughter of Hisham's favourite son, Mu'awiya, but Yazid felt able to reject the offer. In historical sources, Yazid is praised for his valour and military skill, but also for being a generous patron of poets and religiou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Pre-Islamic Arabia is the Arabian Peninsula and its northern extension in the Syrian Desert before the rise of Islam. This is consistent with how contemporaries used the term ''Arabia'' or where they said Arabs lived, which was not limited to the peninsula. Pre-Islamic Arabia included both nomadic and settled populations. Several settled populations developed distinctive civilizations. From around the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE, South Arabia, Southern Arabia was the home to a number of kingdoms, such as the Sabaeans and the Minaeans, and Eastern Arabia was inhabited by Semitic-speaking peoples who presumably migrated from the southwest, such as the so-called Samad Late Iron Age, Samad population.Kenneth A. Kitchen The World of "Ancient Arabia" Series. Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part I. Chronological Framework and Historical Sources p.110 From 106 CE to 630 CE, Arabia's most northwestern areas were controlled by the Roman Empire, which governed it as Arabia Petrae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers () is a Dutch international academic publisher of books, academic journals, and Bibliographic database, databases founded in 1683, making it one of the oldest publishing houses in the Netherlands. Founded in the South Holland city of Leiden, it maintains its headquarters there, while also operating offices in Boston, Paderborn, Vienna, Singapore, and Beijing. Since 1896, Brill has been a public limited company (). Brill is especially known for its work in subject areas such as Oriental studies, classics, religious studies, Jewish studies, Islamic studies, Asian studies, international law, and human rights. The publisher offers traditional print books, academic journals, primary source materials online, and publications on microform. In recent decades, Brill has expanded to Electronic publishing, digital publishing with ebooks and online resources including databases and specialty collections varying by discipline. History Founding by Luchtmans, 16 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyclopaedia Of Islam
The ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' (''EI'') is a reference work that facilitates the Islamic studies, academic study of Islam. It is published by Brill Publishers, Brill and provides information on various aspects of Islam and the Muslim world, Islamic world. It is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies. The first edition was published in 1913–1938, the second in 1954–2005, and the third was begun in 2007. Content According to Brill, the ''EI'' includes "articles on distinguished Muslims of every age and land, on tribes and dynasties, on the crafts and sciences, on political and religious institutions, on the geography, ethnography, flora and fauna of the various countries and on the history, topography and monuments of the major towns and cities. In its geographical and historical scope it encompasses the old Arabo-Islamic empire, the Islamic countries of Iran, Central Asia, the Indian sub-continent and Indonesia, the Ottoman Empire and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Wasit
The siege of Wasit involved the army of the Abbasid Revolution under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba and the future Caliph al-Mansur, and the Umayyad garrison of Wasit under the last Umayyad governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra. Yazid had been forced to abandon Kufa due to a rebellion by Abbasid sympathizers, and fled to Wasit, where he was besieged for 11 months, from August/September 749 to his surrender in June/July 750. The siege was marked by constant sallies and attacks, but as it progressed, the Umayyad garrison's morale collapsed and the internal divisions among the Qays and Yaman tribes began to manifest themselves. After news of the defeat of the Umayyad Caliph Marwan II at the Battle of the Zab and the Abbasid conquest of Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria bord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Fitna
The First Fitna () was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. The civil war involved three main battles between the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali, and the rebel groups, primarily led by Mu'awiya and Aisha. The roots of the first civil war can be traced back to the assassination of the second caliph, Umar. Before he died from his wounds, Umar formed a six-member council which elected Uthman as the next caliph. During the final years of Uthman's caliphate, he was accused of nepotism and killed by rebels in 656. After Uthman's assassination, Ali was elected the fourth caliph. Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr revolted against Ali to depose him. The two parties fought the Battle of the Camel in December 656, from which Ali emerged victorious. Afterward, Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of Syria, declared war on Ali, ostensibly to avenge Uthman's death. The two parties fought the Battl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of The Camel
The Battle of the Camel, also known as The Battle of Basra () took place outside of Basra, Iraq, in 36 AH (656 CE). The battle was fought between the army of the fourth caliph Ali (), on one side, and the rebel army led by Aisha, Talha and Zubayr, on the other side. Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, while Aisha was a widow of Muhammad, of whom Talha and Zubayr were both prominent companions. Ali emerged victorious from the battle, Talha and Zubayr were both killed, and Aisha was sent back to Hejaz afterward. The triumvirate had revolted against Ali ostensibly to avenge the assassination of the third caliph Uthman (), although Aisha and Talha are both known to have actively opposed him. The three also called for the removal of Ali from office and for a Qurayshite council (''shura'') with Talha and Zubayr to appoint his successor. Background Opposition to Uthman Ali frequently accused the third caliph Uthman of deviating from the Quran an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
