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Styracosternans
Ankylopollexia is an extinct clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. It is a derived clade of iguanodontian ornithopods and contains the subgroup Styracosterna. The name stems from the Greek word, “ankylos”, mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, “pollex”, meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most likely synapomorphic feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Research 2 (2): 234–56 First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the Jurassic, Ankylopollexia became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the Cretaceous, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the Maastrichtian. They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calvarius
''Calvarius'' (meaning "suffering") is an extinct genus of styracosternan ornithopod from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian age) Talarn Formation of Spain. The genus contains a single species, ''Calvarius rapidus'', known from a single . The slender morphology of this bone may indicate ''Calvarius'' had a cursorial (adapted to run) ecology, in contrast to its slower-moving relatives. Discovery and naming The holotype specimen, MCD-8734, is a single fourth discovered in 2019 in layers of the Talarn Formation ('Pallars Jussà' locality, Tremp Group) in Catalonia, Spain. In 2023, Albert Prieto-Márquez and Albert Sellés described ''Calvarius rapidus'' as a new genus of styracosternan dinosaurs based on this specimen. The genus name, "''Calvarius''", refers to the type locality, Serrat del Calvari. It is further derived from the Catalan ''calvari'', meaning "suffering", referencing proximity of the genus to the K-Pg extinction event. The specific name, "''rapidus''", is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third Epoch (geology), epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time scale, geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic stratum, strata.Owen 1987. In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, ''Malm'' was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units. Subdivisions The Late Jurassic is divided into three ages, which correspond with the three (faunal) stages of Upper Jurassic rock: Paleogeography During the Late Jurassic Epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean, which initially was relatively narrow. Life forms This epoch is well known for many famous types of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bayannurosaurus
''Bayannurosaurus'' is a non-hadrosauriform ankylopollexian ornithopod described in 2018 by Xu Xing. It lived during the early Aptian period, being found in the Bayin-Gobi Formation of China. The genus includes the type species ''Bayannurosaurus perfectus''. A phylogenetic analysis of ''Bayannurosaurus'' indicates that it is more derived than ''Hypselospinus'', yet less derived than ''Ouranosaurus'' and just outside of the Hadrosauriformes. It was a large iguanodontian, measuring up to in total body length. The genus name ''Bayannurosaurus'' comes from Bayannur, the area where it was found, while the species name ''perfectus'' comes from the "perfect" preservation of the holotype specimen (IMMNH PV00001). Discovery and naming In the summer of 2013 a joint expedition of the Long Hao Institute of Geology and Paleontology and the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology explored the Chulumiao locality of Bayannur, China. This locality is at the middle of the upp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Napaisaurus
''Napaisaurus'' is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Xinlong Formation of Guangxi, China. The type and only species is ''N. guangxiensis''. Discovery and naming The ''Napaisaurus'' holotype, FS-20-007–008, consists of a right ilium and ischium discovered in 2020. A mix of diagonstic characters observed in the material led Ji & Zhang to describe it as a new genus and species in 2022. The generic name, "''Napaisaurus''", combines a reference to the type locality in the Napai Basin with the Greek word "saurus", meaning "lizard". The specific name, "''guangxiensis''", references Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where the fossils were discovered. ''Napaisaurus'' represents the first basal iguanodontian to be named from southern China. ''Napaisaurus'' was mentioned in a review of fossil of ornithischians from Southeast Asia and southern China in 2023 by Manitkoon ''et al''. They suggested that the ''Napaisaurus'' holotype should be compared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnamanus
''Magnamanus'' is an extinct genus of herbivorous iguanodontian dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous in what is now Spain in the Golmayo Formation. It contains a single species, ''Magnamanus soriaensis''. Description ''Magnamanus'' is a large ornithopod measuring long and weighing around —a similar size to ''Iguanodon bernissartensis''. The hand is broad and similar to other basal members of Iguanodontia, with a protruding thumb spine and a fifth finger. The descriptors established nine distinctive features for this taxon, all autapomorphies. The dentary contributes to the front coronoid process of the lower jaw so that the last dentary tooth is located on the slope of the protrusion, instead of on the basis of it. The length of the shoulder amounts to six times the upper width, and seven times the minimum width. In the shoulder the front processus acromion is facing on the other side of the rear projection. When the humerus is the inner corner of the upper edge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lurdusaurus
''Lurdusaurus'' ("heavy lizard") is a genus of massive and unusually shaped iguanodont dinosaur from the Elrhaz Formation in Niger. It contains one species, ''L. arenatus''. The formation dates to the Early Cretaceous, roughly 112 million years ago. ''Lurdusaurus'' has a highly atypical body plan for an iguanodont, with a small skull, long neck, rotund torso, and powerful forelimbs and claws, somewhat reminiscent of a ground sloth. Its metacarpals (wrist bones) are fused and reinforced into a large block, and the thumb spike is remarkably enormous. These would have allowed the hand to have functioned almost like a ball-and-chain flail. ''Lurdusaurus'' is estimated to have been long and high when on all-fours, but its stomach would have been only off the ground. It may have weighed , conspicuously heavy for an iguanodontid this size. Paleontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. speculated ''Lurdusaurus'' may have behaved much like a hippo. It lived in a forested, riverine environment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lanzhousaurus
''Lanzhousaurus'' (meaning "Lanzhou lizard") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur. ''Lanzhousaurus'' lived in the Gansu region of what is now China during the Early Cretaceous (Barremian). A partial skeleton has been recovered from the Hekou Group. It was described by You, Ji and Li in 2005 and the type and only species is ''Lanzhousaurus magnidens''. It has been estimated to be about 10 meters (33 feet) in length and 6 tonnes (6.6 short tons) in weight. Dentition The genus has been described as having "astonishingly huge teeth", among the largest for any herbivorous creature ever, which indicate it was a styracosternan iguanodont. The mandible, longer than one meter, suggests a very large size for the animal. Tooth enamel of this dinosaur was growing very rapidly. Celina A. Suarez, Hai-Lu You, Marina B. Suarez, Da-Qing Li & J. B. Trieschmann (2017). Stable Isotopes Reveal Rapid Enamel Elongation (Amelogenesis) Rates for the Early Cretaceous Iguanodontian Dinosaur ''Lanzhousaurus m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iguanacolossus
''Iguanacolossus'' (meaning "iguana colossus" or "colossal iguana") is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Early Cretaceous period. It is known from UMNH VP 20205, the associated holotype with a large partial skeleton of a single individual. Discovery and naming The holotype of ''Iguanacolossus'', UMNH VP 20205, was discovered by Donald D. DeBlieux in 2005, unearthed from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah; dating from the Valanginian stage in the Early Cretaceous, it wasn't named and described until 2010 in paleontology, 2010 by Andrew T. McDonald, James I. Kirkland, Donald D. DeBlieux, Scott K. Madsen, Jennifer Cavin, Andrew R. C. Milner, and Lukas Panzarin, along with the genus ''Hippodraco'', also from the Cedar Mountain Formation. UMNH VP 20205 is assigned to a single individual, including skull elements: fragmented predentary, partial right maxilla, right squamosal, teeth, right and left Quadrate bone, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypselospinus
''Hypselospinus'' is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur which was first described as a species of ''Iguanodon'' (''I. fittoni'') by Richard Lydekker in 1889, the specific name (zoology), specific name honouring William Henry Fitton. History and naming In the 1880s, the Natural History Museum, London, purchased multiple collections of fossils discovered by Charles Dawson from the region Hastings. Among these collections of specimens were multiple individuals identified as species of ''Iguanodon'' by British palaeontologist Richard Lydekker, from the Early Cretaceous Wadhurst Clay Formation. The first of these specimens, NHMUK R.1635, was found in Shornden Quarry over distance of , and includes a partial and believed to be from a single individual. As the specimen was smaller than and younger than the similar and nearby species ''Iguanodon dawsoni'' and the pelvis showed some differences, Lydekker chose to name the new species ''Iguanodon fittoni'' in 1889 in paleontology, 1889, wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hippodraco
''Hippodraco'' is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah, United States. The genus contains a single species, ''H. scutodens'', known from a partial skeleton belonging to an immature individual. Discovery The holotype of ''Hippodraco'', UMNH VP 20208, was discovered in 2004 by Andrew R. C. Milner. It is a fragmentary specimen including a fragmented skull and dentary teeth, vertebrae (dorsal, caudal and cervical), a right humerus, a right scapula, a left ischium, a right tibia, a right femur, and left metatarsals. It was later named in 2010 by Andrew T. McDonald, James I. Kirkland, Andrew R. C. Milner, Scott K. Madsen, Donald D. DeBlieux, Jennifer Cavin and Lukas Panzarin. The generic name ''Hippodraco'' is a combination of the Greek word ''hippos'' ("horse") and the Latin word ''draco'' ("dragon"). It refers to the elongated shape of the skull, which resembles a horse skull. The specific name ''scutodens'' is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fukuisaurus
''Fukuisaurus'' (meaning " Fukui (Fortunate) lizard") is a genus of herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous in what is now Japan. The type species is ''F. tetoriensis'', which was named and described in 2003. Discovery and naming Remains of ''Fukuisaurus'' were discovered in 1989, in Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, in rocks from the Kitadani Formation, dating to the Barremian. The type species, ''Fukuisaurus tetoriensis'', was described in 2003 by Yoshitsugu Kobayashi and Yoichi Azuma. The genus name refers to Fukui; the specific name to the geological Tetori Group. The type specimens or cotypes are FPDM-V-40-1, a right maxilla, and FPDM-V-40-2, a right jugal. Further elements of a skull and a right sternal plate had been recovered.Kobayashi, Y. and Azuma, Y. (2003). "A new iguanodontian (Dinosauria; Ornithopoda), form the lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation of Fukui Prefecture, Japan". ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 23(1): 166-175 Since 2003 m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emiliasaura
''Emiliasaura'' (meaning "Emilia's lizard") is an extinct genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) Mulichinco Formation of Neuquén Province, Argentina. The genus contains a single species, ''Emiliasaura alessandrii'', known from three individual specimens. ''Emiliasaura'' was initially described as a rhabdodontomorph. If this identification is correct, it would represent the oldest member of this clade and the first named from South America. However, a later analysis of rhabdodontomorphs failed to recover ''Emiliasaura'' within this clade, instead placing it as a styracosternan. Discovery and naming During the summer of 2009, Carlos Alessandri discovered productive outcrops of the Mulichinco Formation (Paraje Pilmatué locality) northeast of the city of Las Lajas in Neuquén Province, Argentina. The partial skeleton of a medium-sized ornithopod was collected in March of that year, comprising part of the left and , the left , an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
