|
Status In Roman Legal System
In Roman law, ''status'' describes a person's legal status. The individual could be a Roman citizen (''status civitatis''), unlike foreigners; or he could be free (''status libertatis''), unlike slaves; or he could have a certain position in a Roman family (''status familiae'') either as head of the family (''pater familias''), or as a lower member (''filii familias''). Status civitatis In the Roman state, according to Roman civil law (''ius civile''), only Roman citizens had the full civil and political rights. In regard to ''status civitatis'', in the Roman state, there were ''cives'', ''Latini'' and ''peregrini'', and foreigners. Outside the Roman state, there were ''externi'', ''barbari'' and ''hostes''. Status familiae ''Status familiae'' is the legal status of an individual in the family. The pater familias had the authority in the family (patria potestas), and everyone was subjected to him based on adgnatio (kinship only from father's side). This had an impact i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovane Con Rotolo
Giovane may refer to: * Giovane Élber (born 1972), Élber de Souza, Brazilian football striker * Giovane Gávio (born 1970), Brazilian volleyball coach and player * Giovane Gomes (born 1995), Brazilian football forward * Giovane (footballer, born 1982), Giovane Alves da Silva, Hong Kong football striker * Giovane (footballer, born 1998) Giovane Mario De Jesús (born 23 March 1998), commonly known as Giovane, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Esporte Clube Vitória Esporte Clube Vitória () is a Brazilian professional club based in Salvado ..., Giovane Mario De Jesús, Brazilian football midfielder * Giovane (footballer, born 2003), Giovane Santana do Nascimento, Brazilian football forward See also * {{hndis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as members mature and learn to participate in the community. Historically, most human societies use family as the primary purpose of Attachment theory, attachment, nurturance, and socialization. Anthropologists classify most family organizations as Matrifocal family, matrifocal (a mother and her children), patrifocal (a father and his children), wikt:conjugal, conjugal (a married couple with children, also called the nuclear family), avuncular (a man, his sister, and her children), or Extended family, extended (in addition to parents, spouse and children, may include Grandparent, grandparents, Aunt, aunts, Uncle, uncles, or Cousin, cousins). The field of genealogy aims to trace family lineages through history. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex Fufia Caninia
The ''lex Fufia Caninia'' of 2 BC was a law passed under Augustus, the first Roman emperor, concerning the manumission of slaves. The law placed limits on the number of slaves that could be formally released from slavery by means of a will. Testamentary manumission had been established in early Rome as one of three procedures recognized in Roman law as not only granting ''libertas'' (liberty) to the formerly enslaved person but also full citizenship. Provisions According to the jurist Gaius, the law prescribed the number of slaves who could be freed by a will in proportion to the size of the estate. * An estate holding only one or two slaves was excluded from the law, and the testator had free discretion in manumission. *For an estate holding three and up to ten slaves, no more than half could be manumitted; :* over ten and up to thirty, a third; :* over thirty and up to hundred, a fourth; :* over one hundred and up to five hundred, a fifth, with a cap of one hundred rega ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex Junia Norbana
In Roman Law, the ''lex Iunia Norbana'' classified all freedmen into two classes according to their mode of enfranchisement: enfranchised citizens, (freedmen who enjoyed Roman citizenship) and enfranchised Latini (freedmen who had only Latin rights). The date of this ''lex'' is uncertain, with arguments for as early as 25 BC or more commonly 17 BC, or as late as AD 19. Freedmen would be granted only Latin rights if the manumission of the slave failed to meet any of the conditions set out by the Lex Aelia Sentia of 4 AD for it to confer Roman citizenship. This provided that for the freedman to acquire Roman citizenship a slave had to be manumitted at the age of 30 or older, the owner had to have quiritary ownership and the ceremony had to be public. For slaves under the age of thirty, the manumission had to be approved by a special council. The manumission of slaves who had been enslaved because of crimes would raise them only to the position of ''dediticii'' (war capt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Assemblies
The Roman assemblies were meetings of the Roman people duly convened by a magistrate. There were two general kinds of assemblies: a '' contio'' where a crowd was convened to hear speeches or statements from speakers without any further arrangements and a ''comitia'' where citizens were called and arranged into voting blocks. When called to enact legislation or make decisions, such as on guilt or war, citizens were in the historical period always divided into voting blocks. Citizens voted directly in these blocks, with a majority of the blocks determining the decision of the assembly; this system was directly democratic with no representatives. There were three kinds of voting blocks – ''curiae'', ''centuriae'', and '' tribus'' – giving rise, respectively, to the curiate, centuriate, and tribal assemblies. In the middle and late republics, only the centuriate and tribal assemblies were politically relevant. The assemblies elected all magistrates during the Roman Republ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Ancient Carthage, Carthaginian Empire during the period 264 to 146BC. Three such wars took place, involving a total of forty-three years of warfare on both land and sea across the western Mediterranean region, and a four-year-long Mercenary War, revolt against Carthage. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire (a thalassocracy), while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Roman Italy, Italy, with a strong Roman army of the mid-Republic, army but no navy. The fighting took place primarily on Sicily and its surrounding waters, as well as in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia. It lasted twenty-three years, until 241BC, when the Carthaginians were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Praetor
''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the ''praetura'' (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the ''praetoria potestas'' (praetorian power), the ''praetorium imperium'' (praetorian authority), and the ''praetorium ius'' (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the ''praetores'' (praetors). ''Praetorium'', as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his ''castra'', the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire. History of the title The status of the ''pra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavement is the placement of a person into slavery, and the person is called a slave or an enslaved person (see ). Many historical cases of enslavement occurred as a result of breaking the law, becoming indebted, suffering a military defeat, or exploitation for cheaper labor; other forms of slavery were instituted along demographic lines such as race or sex. Slaves would be kept in bondage for life, or for a fixed period of time after which they would be granted freedom. Although slavery is usually involuntary and involves coercion, there are also cases where people voluntarily enter into slavery to pay a debt or earn money due to poverty. In the course of human history, slavery was a typical feature of civilization, and existed in most socie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twelve Tables
The Laws of the Twelve Tables () was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. Formally promulgated in 449 BC, the Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.Crawford, M.H. 'Twelve Tables' in Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow (eds.) ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'' (4th ed.) In the Forum, "The Twelve Tables" stated the rights and duties of the Roman citizen. Their formulation was the result of considerable agitation by the plebeian class, who had hitherto been excluded from the higher benefits of the Republic. The law had previously been unwritten and exclusively interpreted by upper-class priests, the pontifices. Something of the regard with which later Romans came to view the Twelve Tables is captured in the remark of Cicero (106–43 BC) that the "Twelve Tables...seems to me, assuredly to surpass the libraries of all the philosophers, both in weight of authority, and in plenitude of utility". Cicero scarcely e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome () was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Citizenship in ancient Rome was complex and based upon many different laws, traditions, and cultural practices. There existed several different types of citizenship, determined by one's gender, class, and political affiliations, and the exact duties or expectations of a citizen varied throughout the history of the Roman Empire. History The oldest document currently available that details the rights of citizenship is the Twelve Tables, ratified 449 BC. Much of the text of the Tables only exists in fragments, but during the time of Ancient Rome the Tables would be displayed in full in the Roman Forum for all to see. The Tables detail the rights of citizens in dealing with court proceedings, property, inheritance, death, and (in the case of women) public behavior. Under the Roman Republic, the government conducted a census every fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Property
Property is a system of rights that gives people legal control of valuable things, and also refers to the valuable things themselves. Depending on the nature of the property, an owner of property may have the right to consume, alter, share, rent, sell, exchange, transfer, give away, or destroy it, or to exclude others from doing these things, as well as to perhaps abandon it; whereas regardless of the nature of the property, the owner thereof has the right to properly use it under the granted Property rights (economics), property rights. In economics and political economy, there are three broad forms of property: private property, public property, and collective property (or ''cooperative propert''y). Property may be jointly owned by more than one party equally or unequally, or according to simple or complex agreements; to distinguish ownership and easement from rent, there is an expectation that each party's will with regard to the property be clearly defined and unconditional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contubernium
In ancient Rome, ''contubernium'' was a quasi-marital relationship between two Slavery in ancient Rome, slaves or between a slave (''Slavery in ancient Rome#The slave in Roman law and society, servus'') and a free person who was usually a former slave or the child of a former slave. A slave involved in such a relationship was called ''contubernalis'', the basic and general meaning of which was "companion". Under Roman law, the slave was treated as property (''res'') and lacked the legal personhood to enter into legitimate forms of marriage. Although not codified as marriage (''conubium'') in Roman law, ''contubernium'' had legal implications that were addressed by Roman jurists in case law and was intended to be a lasting, ideally permanent union modelled on marital affection (''affectio maritalis'') that was approved and recognized by the slave's owner. Inscriptions indicate that ''contubernium'' with the intentions it expressed was primarily a concern for "upwardly mobile" sl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
