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State Coin
During the Kipper und Wipper, ''Kipper'' and ''Wipper'' period and until the late 18th century, state coins (''Landmünzen''} in the German part of the Holy Roman Empire were those that were not minted according to the relevant imperial standard (''Reichsfuß''), but using a lesser alloy and thus were only fit for circulation in the territory of their mint masters. There were therefore a type of fiat coin known as a ''Scheidemünze''. State coins were mostly issued in smaller denominations, but from 1687 even Brandenburg 2/3 ''thalers'' bore the designation “Brandenb. Landmünz."Schrötter (1930), p. 342.Kroha (1997), p. 262. The term "state coin" (') should not be confused with the term "national coins" or "state coinage" ('), which includes all the coins issued by a country. See also * Kipper mints (Electoral Saxony) * Kippertaler References Bibliography * Kroha, Tyll (1997). ''Großes Lexikon der Numismatik''. 2nd edn. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag. * Schr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Of Brunswick-Calenberg
George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 February 1582, in Celle (German Georg)– 12 April 1641, in Hildesheim), ruled as Prince of Calenberg from 1635. He was a member of the House of Welf, a prominent German noble family. George was part of a cadet branch of the family known as the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which held territories in what is now Lower Saxony in Germany. George was the sixth son of William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1535–1592) and Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Dorothea of Denmark (1546–1617). His mother was the daughter to King Christian III of Denmark and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. She acted as a regent during the early years of his reign, keeping power from the Councillors who had mismanaged the estates during his father's fits of insanity. In the 1635 re-division of the territories of the House of Welf, after the death of Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, he received the Principality of Calenberg, which included t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principality Of Calenberg
The Principality of Calenberg was a dynastic division of the House of Welf, Welf Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg established in 1432. Calenberg was ruled by the House of Hanover (from the Principality of Lüneburg) from 1635 onwards; the princes received the ninth Prince-elector, electoral dignity of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692. Their territory became the nucleus of the Electorate of Hanover, ruled in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1714 onwards. The principality received its name from Calenberg Castle, a residence of the Brunswick dukes. Territory When Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg chose the Principality of Calenberg as his part of the inheritance in 1495, he described it as "the land between the River Leine (river), Leine and the Deister". This geographical description, however, was never totally correct. In fact, the principality extended west of the Leine from Schulenburg as far as Neustadt am Rübenberge in the north and thus much further north ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roter Seufzer 1701, Leipzig
Roter Veltliner is a grape variety used to make white wine. It is found in Austrian wine, Austria. Some of the better wines come from the Wagram district of Donauland. Varieties It is believed to be a very old variety, but its parentage has so far not been possible to determine. There are however several other varieties which are the offspring of Roter Veltliner, such as: * Frühroter Veltliner, a cross with Silvaner * Neuburger, another cross with Silvaner * Rotgipfler, a cross with Traminer * Zierfandler, possibly a cross with Traminer accessed on January 24, 2013 Despite its name Roter Veltliner is not related to Grüner Veltliner. It was previously believed that Roter Veltliner could be a grandparent to Grüner Veltliner, but that hypothesis seems to have lost credibility wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kipper Und Wipper
''Kipper und Wipper'' (, literally "Kipper and Wipper time") was a financial crisis during the start of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).Kipper und Wipper'. Rogue Traders, Rogue Princes, Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621–23" , Mike Dash, ''Smithsonian'', March 29, 2012 Starting around 1621, city-states in the Holy Roman Empire began to heavily Debasement, debase currency in order to raise revenue for the Thirty Years' War, as effective taxation did not exist. More and more Mint (coin), mints were established until the debased metal coins were so worthless that children allegedly played with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. For most of its history the Empire comprised the entirety of the modern countries of Germany, Czechia, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Luxembourg, most of north-central Italy, and large parts of modern-day east France and west Poland. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne Roman emperor, reviving the title more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when Otto I, OttoI was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, as Charlemagne's and the Carolingian Empire's successor. From 962 until the 12th century, the empire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiat Coin
Fiat money is a type of government-issued currency that is not backed by a precious metal, such as gold or silver, nor by any other tangible asset or commodity. Fiat currency is typically designated by the issuing government to be legal tender, and is authorized by government regulation. Since the end of the Bretton Woods system in 1976 by the Jamaica Accords, the major currencies in the world are fiat money. Fiat money generally does not have intrinsic value and does not have use value. It has value only because the individuals who use it as a unit of account or, in the case of currency, a medium of exchange agree on its value. They trust that it will be accepted by merchants and other people as a means of payment for liabilities. Fiat money is an alternative to commodity money, which is a currency that has intrinsic value because it contains, for example, a precious metal such as gold or silver which is embedded in the coin. Fiat also differs from representative money, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scheidemünze
''Scheidemünzen'' (singular – ''Scheidemünze'') were representative money, representative coins or token coins issued alongside ''currency money, Kurantgeld'' or currency money in Austria and Germany up to start of the First World War in August 1914 whose intrinsic metal value was less than the legal value stamped on them. Like ''Notgeld'' ("emergency money") they were a kind of credit money or fiat coin. The term ''Scheidemünze'' ("division money") referred to the "division into hellers and pfennigs during the purchase process" ("Scheiden auf ''Heller und Pfennig'' beim Kaufvorgang"). It thus applied to the low- to medium-value coins and is often translated as small change coin, small-coin change or just small coin. Since 1915, all coins minted in Germany, including the current euro coins have been ''Scheidemünzen'' or fiat money as opposed to face value money, currency or commodity money whose nominal value is fully covered by its intrinsic value. History Antiquity Earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kipper Mints (Electoral Saxony)
A kipper is a whole Herring as food, herring, a small, oily fish, that has been split in a Butterflying, butterfly fashion from tail to head along the dorsal ridge, gutted, salted or Pickling, pickled, and Smoking (cooking)#Types, cold-smoked over smouldering wood chips (typically oak). In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Ireland and some regions of North America, kippers are most commonly eaten for breakfast. In the United Kingdom, kippers, along with other preserved smoked or salted fish such as the bloater (herring), bloater and buckling (fish), buckling, were also once commonly enjoyed as a high tea or supper treat, most popularly with inland and urban working-class populations before World War II. Terminology The word is thought to derive from the Old English language, Old English ''cypera'', or copper, based on the colour of the fish. The word has various possible parallels, such as Icelandic language, Icelandic ''kippa'' which means "to pull, snatch" and the Ger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coins Of The Holy Roman Empire
A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. The faces of coins or medals are sometimes called the ''obverse'' and the ''reverse'', referring to the front and back sides, respectively. The obverse of a coin is commonly called ''heads'', because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse is known as ''tails''. The first metal coins – invented in the ancient Greek world and disseminated during the Hellenistic period – were precious metal–based, and were invented in order to simplify and regularize the task of measuring and weighing bullion (bulk metal) carried around for the purpose of transactions. They carried their value within the coins themselves, but the stampings also induced manipulat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
