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Stachydrine
Stachydrine, also known as proline betaine, is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in citrus, caper, chestnuts, alfalfa, ''Leonurus japonicus ''Leonurus japonicus'', commonly called oriental motherwort or Chinese motherwort, is a herbaceous flowering plant native to Asia, including Korea and Japan, and China to Cambodia. Description Plants are annual or biennial, growing from taproots ...'', '' Maclura tricuspidata'', '' Stachys arvensis'' and '' Arisaema heterophyllum''. It has been studied for its potential health benefits. References {{Reflist Zwitterions Alkaloids Pyrrolidines Quaternary ammonium compounds Carboxylic acids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungus, fungi, Medicinal plant, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacology, pharmacological activities including antimalarial medication, antimalarial (e.g. quinine), asthma, antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), chemotherapy, anticancer (e.g. omacetaxine mepesuccinate, homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilation, vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), Antiarrhythmic agent, antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citrus
''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, mandarins, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. ''Citrus'' is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Australia. Indigenous people in these areas have used and domesticated various species since ancient times. Its cultivation first spread into Micronesia and Polynesia through the Austronesian expansion (–1500 BCE). Later, it was spread to the Middle East and the Mediterranean () via the incense trade route, and from Europe to the Americas. Renowned for their highly fragrant aromas and complex flavor, citrus are among the most popular fruits in cultivation. With a propensity to hybridize between species, making their taxonomy complicated, there are numerous varieties encompassing a wide range of appearance and fruit flavors. Evolution Evolutionary history The large cit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caper
''Capparis spinosa'', the caper bush, also called Flinders rose, is a perennial plant that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers. The taxonomic status of the species is controversial and unsettled. Species within the genus ''Capparis'' are highly variable, and interspecific hybrids have been common throughout the evolutionary history of the genus. As a result, some authors have considered ''C. spinosa'' to be composed of multiple distinct species, others that the taxon is a single species with multiple varieties or subspecies, or that the taxon ''C. spinosa'' is a hybrid between ''C. orientalis'' and ''C. sicula''.D. Rivera, C. Inocencio, C. Obón, E. Carreño, A. Reales, F. Alcaraz. (2002). "Archaeobotany of capers (''Capparis'') (Capparaceae)." ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.'' 11(4): 295–313 ''Capparis spinosa'' is native to almost all the Mediterranean Basin, circum-Mediterranean countries, and is included in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castanea Sativa
The sweet chestnut (''Castanea sativa''), also known as the Spanish chestnut or European chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the Temperate climate, temperate world. A substantial, long-lived deciduous tree, it produces an edible seed, the chestnut, which has been used in cooking since ancient times. Description ''Castanea sativa'' attains a height of with a trunk often in diameter. Around 20 trees are recorded with diameters over including one in diameter at breast height. A famous ancient tree known as the Hundred Horse Chestnut in Sicily was historically recorded at in diameter (although it has split into multiple trunks above ground). The bark often has a net-shaped (retiform) pattern with deep furrows or fissures running spirally in both directions up the trunk. The trunk is mostly straight with branching starting at low heights. The Leaf shape, oblong-lanceolate, boldly toot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfalfa
Alfalfa () (''Medicago sativa''), also called lucerne, is a perennial plant, perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is more commonly used in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The plant superficially resembles clover (a cousin in the same family), especially while young, when glossary of leaf morphology#trifoliate, trifoliate leaves comprising round leaflet (botany), leaflets predominate. Later in maturity, leaflets are elongated. It has raceme, clusters of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in two to three turns containing 10–20 seeds. Alfalfa is native to warmer temperate climates. It has been cultivated as livestock fodder since at least the era of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks and Ancient R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leonurus Japonicus
''Leonurus japonicus'', commonly called oriental motherwort or Chinese motherwort, is a herbaceous flowering plant native to Asia, including Korea and Japan, and China to Cambodia. Description Plants are annual or biennial, growing from taproots. The stems are upright growing to a height of . The flowers are sessile and produced in verticillasters. The calyx is tubular-campanulate shaped and long with broad triangle shaped teeth. The corolla is white or reddish to purplish red in color. Plants bloom from June to September. It has escaped cultivation and become naturalized in other parts of the world including South and North America, Europe and Africa. Uses ''Leonurus japonicus'' is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called ''yìmǔcǎo'' (), literally "beneficial herb for mothers". It is used in cases of menstrual and delivery disorders caused by blood stasis such as dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea. Chemical constituents Chemical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maclura Tricuspidata
''Maclura tricuspidata'' is a tree native to East Asia, occasionally grown for its fruit, somewhat similar to that of the related mulberry (''Morus'' spp.). Common names Among its common names are Chinese mulberry (but not to be confused with ''Morus australis'' also known by that name), storehousebush, mandarin melon berry, silkworm thorn, ''cudrang'', ''kujibbong'', ''zhe'' or ''che'' (). Description It grows up to 6 m high. The Tanzhe Temple west of Beijing, China is named for this tree. Uses Aside from its edible fruit, which can also be used to make wine, the tree has several other uses. In China, its leaves are fed to silkworms, its bark is used to make paper and a reddish-yellow dye, and its roots are used for medicinal purposes. Its wood is also valuable, and is used for the construction of bows. Fossil record Fossils similar to ''Maclura tricuspidata'' have been collected from the Eocene of France, Miocene of Bulgaria, Pliocene of China, and Quaternary of Japa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stachys Arvensis
''Stachys arvensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common names field woundwort and staggerweed. It is native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. It is known on other continents as an introduced species and widespread weed. Description Field woundwort is an annual herb with branched, square stems up to 45 cm long, growing with a sprawling or erect habit. The stems are pale green and covered with patent, sparsely glandular hairs up to 2 mm long. Plants are easily uprooted to reveal a mass of short, white, fibrous roots at the base of the plant and sometimes along any horizontal stems close to the base. The leaves are arranged in opposite, decussate pairs, with no stipules, and petioles of up to 4 cm long; the blade is simple and oval, up to 4 cm long, with a truncate base and between 7 and 12 rounded teeth per side. They are dull, medium green on the upper surface and paler beneath, hairy on both sides. The inflorescence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arisaema Heterophyllum
''Arisaema heterophyllum'', the dancing crane cobra lily, belongs to the monocotyledonous flowering family Araceae. It is a perennial, rhizomatous herb native to East Asia. It has a spadix inflorescence and can be recognized by its green spathe and comparatively smaller central leaflet. The rhizome is often used in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for coughs, epilepsy, and tetanus. It is prepared using ginger and potassium aluminum sulphate for purifying purposes. Description The roots are tubular, depressed globose shaped, and around 2–6 cm in diameter. The usually solitary leaves are around 30–60 cm long, with glaucous petioles and sheathing adjacent to the pseudostem. They are sedately divided, adaxially dull green and abaxially pale green, and contain 4 or 5 cataphylls and multiple leaflets, ranging from 11 to 21 in number. The central leaflet is 3–15 cm long and 0.7-5.8 cm wide; the outermost leaflets are smaller. The distance between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zwitterions
In chemistry, a zwitterion ( ; ), also called an inner salt or dipolar ion, is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups. : (1,2- dipolar compounds, such as ylides, are sometimes excluded from the definition.) Some zwitterions, such as amino acid zwitterions, are in chemical equilibrium with an uncharged "parent" molecule. Betaines are zwitterions that cannot isomerize to an all-neutral form, such as when the positive charge is located on a quaternary ammonium group. Similarly, a molecule containing a phosphonium group and a carboxylate group cannot isomerize. Amino acids Tautomerism of amino acids follows this stoichiometry: : The ratio of the concentrations of the two species in solution is independent of pH. It has been suggested, on the basis of theoretical analysis, that the zwitterion is stabilized in aqueous solution by hydrogen bonding with solvent water molecules. Analysis of neutron diffraction data for glycin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a broad class of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berberine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrrolidines
Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)4NH. It is a cyclic secondary amine, also classified as a saturated heterocycle. It is a colourless liquid that is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It has a characteristic odor that has been described as "ammoniacal, fishy, shellfish-like". In addition to pyrrolidine itself, many substituted pyrrolidines are known. Production and synthesis Industrial production Pyrrolidine is prepared industrially by the reaction of 1,4-butanediol and ammonia at a temperature of 165–200 °C and a pressure of 17–21 MPa in the presence of a cobalt- and nickel oxide catalyst, which is supported on alumina. : The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase in a continuous tube- or tube bundle reactor, which is operated in the cycle gas method. The catalyst is arranged as a fixed-bed and the conversion is carried out in the downflow mode. The product is obtained after m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
