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Sphenophyllales
Sphenophyllales is an extinct order of articulate land plants and a sister group to the present-day Equisetales ( horsetails). They are fossils dating from the Devonian to the Triassic. They were common during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian, with most of the fossils coming from the Carboniferous period. Description Sphenophyllales are small, slender branching plants, usually growing to a height of less than tall. The long stems range from to in diameter. The stems are jointed and ribbed with weak habits, making it probable that these plants were ..., making it probable that these plants were vine or shrub-like when alive, and formed a portion of the understory in Carboniferous forests. The stem anatomy is Stele (biology)#Protostele">protostelic (root-like), containing a solid primary xylem">root.html" ;"title="Stele (biology)#Protostele">protostelic (root">Stele (biology)#Protostele">protostelic (root-like), containing a solid primary xylem core with secondary xy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphenophyllostachys
Sphenophyllales is an extinct order of articulate land plants and a sister group to the present-day Equisetales (horsetails). They are fossils dating from the Devonian to the Triassic. They were common during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian, with most of the fossils coming from the Carboniferous period. Description Sphenophyllales are small, slender branching plants, usually growing to a height of less than tall. The long stems range from to in diameter. The stems are jointed and ribbed with weak habits, making it probable that these plants were ..., making it probable that these plants were vine or shrub-like when alive, and formed a portion of the understory in Carboniferous forests. The stem anatomy is Stele (biology)#Protostele">protostelic (root-like), containing a solid primary xylem">root.html" ;"title="Stele (biology)#Protostele">protostelic (root">Stele (biology)#Protostele">protostelic (root-like), containing a solid primary xylem core with secondary xylem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamatophyton
''Hamatophyton'' is a genus of the extinct Sphenophyllales horsetails. Unique to this genus among other Sphenophyllales is its lack of secondary xylem around the tips of the primary xylem arms. One of its species has also been placed in the genus ''Sphenophyllostachys'', which is regarded as a synonym of '' Bowmanites'' by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera. Taxonomy The taxonomic status of the genus and its possible species is confused. , the International Fossil Plant Names Index regards ''Hamatophyton'' as an invalid name since its publication in 1974 because the species name on which the genus was based, ''Hamatophyton verticillatum'', is invalid as no type was designated. In 1991, ''Hamatophyton verticillatum'' was transferred to the genus ''Sphenophyllostachys'' as ''Sphenophyllostachys verticillata'', but since the basionym was invalid, this name is also invalid. Both species that have been placed in ''Hamatophyton'' are also treated as synonymous A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphenophyllum Miravallis
''Sphenophyllum'' is a genus in the order Sphenophyllales. It has been placed in the family Sphenophyllaceae. Species Species that have been described include: *†''Sphenophyllum angustifolium'' *†''Sphenophyllum biarmicum'' Zalessky (1937) *†''Sphenophyllum changxingense'' *†''Sphenophyllum churulianum'' Ashw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963) *†''Sphenophyllum costae'' *†''Sphenophyllum crenulatum''Ashw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963) *†''Sphenophyllum cuneifolium'' (Sternb.) Zeiller (1878) *†''Sphenophyllum elongatum'' Rassk. (1961) *†''Sphenophyllum emarginatum'' Brongn. (1822) (type species) *†''Sphenophyllum fanwanense'' *†''Sphenophyllum gilmorei'' C.D. White (1929) *†''Sphenophyllum gondwanensis'' *†''Sphenophyllum guangzhuoense'', nomen nudum *†''Sphenophyllum koboense'' *†''Sphenophyllum latifolium'' Fontaine & I.C. White (1880) *†''Sphenophyllum longifolium'' (Germar) Gutbier (1843) *†''Sphenophyllum lungtanense'' *†''Sphenophyllum majus'' Bronn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous ( ) is a Geologic time scale, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era that spans 60 million years, from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Permian Period, Ma. It is the fifth and penultimate period of the Paleozoic era and the fifth period of the Phanerozoic eon (geology), eon. In North America, the Carboniferous is often treated as two separate geological periods, the earlier Mississippian (geology), Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian (geology), Pennsylvanian. The name ''Carboniferous'' means "coal-bearing", from the Latin ("coal") and ("bear, carry"), and refers to the many coal beds formed globally during that time. The first of the modern "system" names, it was coined by geologists William Conybeare (geologist), William Conybeare and William Phillips (geologist), William Phillips in 1822, based on a study of the British rock succession. Carboniferous is the per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphenophyllum
''Sphenophyllum'' is a genus in the order Sphenophyllales. It has been placed in the family Sphenophyllaceae. Species Species that have been described include: *†''Sphenophyllum angustifolium'' *†''Sphenophyllum biarmicum'' Zalessky (1937) *†''Sphenophyllum changxingense'' *†''Sphenophyllum churulianum'' Ashw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963) *†''Sphenophyllum costae'' *†''Sphenophyllum crenulatum''Ashw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963) *†''Sphenophyllum cuneifolium'' (Sternb.) Zeiller (1878) *†''Sphenophyllum elongatum'' Rassk. (1961) *†''Sphenophyllum emarginatum'' Brongn. (1822) (type species) *†''Sphenophyllum fanwanense'' *†''Sphenophyllum gilmorei'' C.D. White (1929) *†''Sphenophyllum gondwanensis'' *†''Sphenophyllum guangzhuoense'', nomen nudum *†''Sphenophyllum koboense'' *†''Sphenophyllum latifolium'' Fontaine & I.C. White (1880) *†''Sphenophyllum longifolium'' (Germar) Gutbier (1843) *†''Sphenophyllum lungtanense'' *†''Sphenophyllum majus'' Bron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rotafolia
''Rotafolia'' is a genus of the extinct Sphenophyllales horsetails. The species ''Rotafolia songziensis'' was first described as ''Bowmanites songziensis'' in 1984, based on a fossilized strobilus A strobilus (: strobili) is a structure present on many land plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem. Strobili are often called cones, but some botanists restrict the use of the term cone to the woo ..., and transferred to the new genus ''Rotafolia'' in 2005. Description ''Rotafolia songziensis'' is similar to '' Hamatophyton verticillatum'' and is found in the Xiejingsi Formation. ''R. songziensis'' consists of branched axes, up to 20 cm long, which have slightly swollen nodes and internodes with ribs and narrow branches produced from the nodes. The axes are protostelic. Cross sections show a roughly triangular or quadrangular organization of the primary xylem and radial arrangement of the secondary xylem. Primary xylem is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rinistachya
''Rinistachya'' is a genus of Late Devonian sphenopsid, currently containing one species, ''Rinistachya hilleri''. It comprises the only sphenopsid as yet known from the Devonian of Gondwana, and is currently known from only a small number of specimens collected from the main fish layer/lens (MFL) black shale within the Witpoort Formation (Witteberg Formation, Cape Supergroup) at Waterloo Farm, Makhanda. It is currently interpreted as a small-sized herbaceous plant. and 'exhibits a novel architecture' that includes apparently plesiomorphic characters, reminiscent of the organisation of the Iridopteridales Iridopteridales is an order of the extinct cladoxylopsids. It contains the genus ''Ibyka'' which is a possible ancestor of the horsetails.Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plant ... (including the production of two types of laterals at one node, the location of fertile parts in loose whorls on lateral br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cisuralian
The Cisuralian, also known as the Early Permian, is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma. In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the Wolfcampian (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and Leonardian (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian). The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years. Name and background The Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch ( Gzhelian) and is followed by the Permian Guadalupian Epoch. The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982, and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996. The Cisuralian Epoch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pennsylvanian (geology)
The Pennsylvanian ( , also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, on the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two period (geology), subperiods of the Carboniferous Period (or the upper of two system (stratigraphy), subsystems of the Carboniferous System). It lasted from roughly . As with most other geochronology, geochronologic units, the stratum, rock beds that define the Pennsylvanian are well identified, but the exact date of the start and end are uncertain by a few hundred thousand years. The Pennsylvanian is named after the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, where the coal Bed (geology), beds of this age are widespread. The division between Pennsylvanian and Mississippian (geology), Mississippian comes from North American stratigraphy. In North America, where the early Carboniferous beds are primarily marine limestones, the Pennsylvanian was in the past treated as a full-fledged geologic period between the Mississippian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habit (biology)
Habit, equivalent to habitus in some applications in biology, refers variously to aspects of behaviour or structure, as follows: *In zoology (particularly in ethology), ''habit'' usually refers to aspects of more or less predictable ''behaviour'', instinctive or otherwise, though it also has broader application. ''Habitus'' refers to the characteristic form or morphology of a species. *In botany, the plant habit is the characteristic form in which a given species of plant grows.Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928 Behavior In zoology, ''habit'' (not to be confused with ''habitus'' as described below) usually refers to a specific behavior pattern, either adopted, learned, pathological, innate, or directly related to physiology. For example: * ...the atwas in the ''habit'' of springing upon the oor knockerin order to gain admission... * If these sensitive parrots are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devonian
The Devonian ( ) is a period (geology), geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era during the Phanerozoic eon (geology), eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian period at million years ago (Megaannum, Ma), to the beginning of the succeeding Carboniferous period at Ma. It is the fourth period of both the Paleozoic and the Phanerozoic. It is named after Devon, South West England, where rocks from this period were first studied. The first significant evolutionary radiation of history of life#Colonization of land, life on land occurred during the Devonian, as free-spore, sporing land plants (pteridophytes) began to spread across dry land, forming extensive coal forests which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of vascular plants had evolved leaf, leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants (Pteridospermatophyta, pteridospermatophyt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vine
A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.Jackson; Benjamin; Daydon (1928). ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent'', 4th ed. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. In parts of the world, including the British Isles, the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines, while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants. Growth forms Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, poison ivy and bittersweet can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available. A vine displays a growth form based on very long stems. This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or other supports for growth rather than investing energy in a lot of supportive tissu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
