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Spectral Color
A spectral color is a color that is evoked by monochromatic light, i.e. either a spectral line with a single wavelength or frequency of light in the visible spectrum, or a relatively narrow spectral band (e.g. lasers). Every wave of visible light is perceived as a spectral color; when viewed as a continuous spectrum, these colors are seen as the familiar rainbow. Non-spectral colors (or extra-spectral colors) are evoked by a combination of spectral colors. In color spaces In color spaces which include all, or most spectral colors, they form a part of boundary of the set of all real colors. When considering a three-dimensional color space (which includes luminance), the spectral colors form a surface. When excluding luminance and considering a two-dimensional color space ( chromaticity diagram), the spectral colors form a curve known as the spectral locus. For example, the spectral locus of the CIE xy chromaticity diagram contains all the spectral colors (to the eye of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface (mathematics)
In mathematics, a surface is a mathematical model of the common concept of a surface. It is a generalization of a plane, but, unlike a plane, it may be curved; this is analogous to a curve generalizing a straight line. There are several more precise definitions, depending on the context and the mathematical tools that are used for the study. The simplest mathematical surfaces are planes and spheres in the Euclidean 3-space. The exact definition of a surface may depend on the context. Typically, in algebraic geometry, a surface may cross itself (and may have other singularities), while, in topology and differential geometry, it may not. A surface is a topological space of dimension two; this means that a moving point on a surface may move in two directions (it has two degrees of freedom). In other words, around almost every point, there is a '' coordinate patch'' on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth resembles ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ProPhoto RGB Color Space
The ProPhoto RGB color space, also known as ROMM RGB (Reference Output Medium Metric), is an output referred RGB color space developed by Kodak. It offers an especially large gamut designed for use with photographic output in mind. The ProPhoto RGB color space encompasses over 90% of possible surface colors in the CIE L*a*b* color space, and 100% of likely occurring real-world surface colors documented by Michael Pointer in 1980, making ProPhoto even larger than the Wide-gamut RGB color space. The ProPhoto RGB primaries were also chosen in order to minimize hue rotations associated with non-linear tone scale operations. One of the downsides to this color space is that approximately 13% of the representable colors are imaginary colors that do not exist and are not visible colors. When working in color spaces with such a large gamut, it is recommended to work in 16-bit color depth to avoid posterization effects. This will occur more frequently in 8-bit modes as the gradi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantone Matching System
Pantone LLC (stylized as PANTONE) is an American limited liability company headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey, and best known for its Pantone Matching System (PMS), a proprietary color order system used in a variety of industries, notably graphic design, fashion design, product design, printing, and manufacturing and supporting the management of color from design to production, in physical and digital formats, among coated and uncoated materials, cotton, polyester, nylon and plastics. X-Rite, a supplier of color measurement instruments and software, purchased Pantone for US$180 million in October 2007, and was itself acquired by Danaher Corporation in 2012. At the end of September 2023, Danaher Spin-off (corporate), spun-off its Environmental and Applied Solutions segment as Veralto Corporation. History Pantone began in New Jersey in the 1950s as the commercial printer (publishing), printing company of brothers Mervin and Jesse Levine, M & J Levine Advertising. In 1956, its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Color Science
Color science is the science, scientific study of color including lighting and optics; Photometry (optics), measurement of light and colorimetry, color; the physiology, psychophysics, and color model, modeling of color vision; and color reproduction. It is the modern extension of traditional color theory. Organizations * International Commission on Illumination (CIE) * Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) * Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) * Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) * International Colour Association (AIC) * Optica (society), Optica, formerly the Optical Society of America (OSA) * The Colour Group * Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC) * American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) * Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) * ACM SIGGRAPH * Vision Sciences Society (VSS) * Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM) Journals The preeminent scholarly journal publishing research papers in color science is ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet radiation, also known as simply UV, is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by electric arcs, Cherenkov radiation, and specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. The photons of ultraviolet have greater energy than those of visible light, from about 3.1 to 12 electron volts, around the minimum energy required to ionize atoms. Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack sufficient energy, it can induce chemical reactions and cause many substances to glow or fluoresce. Many practical applications, including chemical and biological effects, are derived from the way that UV radiation can interact with organic molecules. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infrared
Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with the waves that are just longer than those of red light (the longest waves in the visible spectrum), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally (according to ISO, CIE) understood to include wavelengths from around to . IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the solar spectrum. Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the terahertz radiation band. Almost all black-body radiation from objects near room temperature is in the IR band. As a form of EMR, IR carries energy and momentum, exerts radiation pressure, and has properties corresponding to both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon. It was long known that fires e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bright Green
Varieties of the color green may differ in hue, chroma (also called saturation or intensity) or lightness (or value, tone, or brightness), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below. Core definitions of green Green (sRGB) The color defined as ''green'' in the sRGB color space is approximately the most chromatic green that can be reproduced on an average computer screen, and is the color named ''green'' in X11. It is one of the three primary colors used in the sRGB color space along with red and blue. The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide the maximum range of colors that are capable of being represented on a computer or television set. This color is also called ''regular green''. It is at precisely 120 degree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RGB Color Space
RGB color spaces are a category of additive colorimetric color spaces specifying part of its absolute color space definition using the RGB color model. RGB color spaces are commonly found describing the mapping of the RGB color model to human perceivable color, but some RGB color spaces use imaginary (non-real-world) primaries and thus can not be displayed directly. Like any color space, while the specifications in this category use the RGB color model to describe their space, it is not mandatory to use that model to signal pixel color values. Broadcast TV color spaces like NTSC, PAL, Rec. 709, Rec. 2020 additionally describe a translation from RGB to YCbCr and that is how they are usually signalled for transmission, but an image can be stored as either RGB or YCbCr. This demonstrates using the singular term "RGB color space" can be misleading, since a chosen color space or signalled colour can be described by any appropriate color model. However the singular can be seen in spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Color Wheel
A color wheel or color circle is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle, which shows the relationships between primary colors, secondary colors, tertiary colors etc. Some sources use the terms ''color wheel'' and ''color circle'' interchangeably; however, one term or the other may be more prevalent in certain fields or certain versions as mentioned above. For instance, some reserve the term ''color wheel'' for mechanical rotating devices, such as color triangle, color tops, filter wheels or the Newton disc. Others classify various color wheels as ''color disc'', ''color chart'', and ''color scale'' varieties. History The color wheel dates back to Isaac Newton's work on color and light. In his book ''Opticks'', Newton presented a color circle to illustrate the relations between these colors. The original color circle of Isaac Newton showed only the spectral hues and was provided to illustrate a rule for the color of mixtures of lights, that these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Color Distance
In color science, color difference or color distance is the separation between two colors. This metric allows quantified examination of a notion that formerly could only be described with adjectives. Quantification of these properties is of great importance to those whose work is color-critical. Common definitions make use of the Euclidean distance in a device-independent color space. Euclidean sRGB As most definitions of color difference are distances within a color space, the standard means of determining distances is the Euclidean distance. If one presently has an RGB (red, green, blue) tuple and wishes to find the color difference, computationally one of the easiest is to consider ''R'', ''G'', ''B'' linear dimensions defining the color space. A very simple example can be given between the two colors with RGB values (0, 64, 0) () and (255, 64, 0) (): their distance is 255. Going from there to (255, 64, 128) () is a distance of 128. When we wish to calculate distance from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Color
Primary colors are colorants or colored lights that can be mixed in varying amounts to produce a gamut of colors. This is the essential method used to create the perception of a broad range of colors in, e.g., electronic displays, color printing, and paintings. Perceptions associated with a given combination of primary colors can be predicted by an appropriate mixing model (e.g., additive, subtractive) that uses the physics of how light interacts with physical media, and ultimately the retina to be able to accurately display the intended colors. The most common color mixing models are the additive primary colors (red, green, blue) and the subtractive primary colors (cyan, magenta, yellow). Red, yellow and blue are also commonly taught as primary colors (usually in the context of subtractive color mixing as opposed to additive color mixing), despite some criticism due to its lack of scientific basis. Primary colors can also be conceptual (not necessarily real), either as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
