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Soldado De Cuera
The (English, "leather-jacket soldier") served in the frontier garrisons of northern New Spain, the '' Presidios'', from the late 16th to the early 19th century. They were mounted and were an exclusive corps in the Spanish Empire. They took their name from the multi-layered deer-skin cloak they wore as protection against Indian arrows. When New Spain's visitador (inspector general) José de Gálvez organized the Portola Expedition, he was accompanied by a party of 25 soldiers, the "finest horsemen in the world, and among these soldiers who best earn their bread from the august monarch whom they serve". Equipment They were armed with a carbine (), pair of pistols (), bow (), dagger (), sword (), and lance (). They also carried a bull-hide shield () or a small round metal shield () for defense against weapons such as swords, spears, javelins, and arrows. Each soldier had six horses, a foal, and a mule (until 1720 they had 10 horses). Equipment and animals belonged to the soldier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segesser II Hide Painting - Detail B
Philipp Segesser (1 September 1689 – 28 September 1762) was a German-speaking Swiss Society of Jesus, Jesuit missionary who spent much of his career in Sonora, Mexico. Early years Philipp Anton Segesser von Brunegg was born on 1 September 1689 in Lucerne, Switzerland. He attended the Jesuit College in Lucerne. On 15 October 1708 he ended his academic education, and probably moved to the Jesuit school in Landsberg am Lech for his novitiate. He took his four vows as a Jesuit missionary in 1710. He worked as a teacher in the Jesuit province of Upper Germany. In 1717 he moved to the Jesuit College of Ingolstadt for continued theological studies and was officially accepted into the Society of Jesus. Jesuit teacher Segesser completed his studies in 1721, and celebrated his first mass as a priest on 8 June 1721. He became a teacher at Altötting on 16 September 1721, and in 1722 was transferred to a teaching post in Straubing. In 1726 he took his final vows in Neuburg an der Donau, m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criollo Peoples
In Hispanic America, criollo () is a term used originally to describe people of full Spanish descent born in the viceroyalties. In different Latin American countries, the word has come to have different meanings, mostly referring to the local-born majority. Historically, they have been misportrayed as a social class in the hierarchy of the overseas colonies established by Spain beginning in the 16th century, especially in Hispanic America. They were locally born people — almost always of Spanish ancestry, but also sometimes of other European ethnic backgrounds. Their identity was strengthened as a result of the Bourbon reforms of 1700, which changed the Spanish Empire's policies toward its colonies and led to tensions between ''criollos'' and ''peninsulares''. The growth of local ''criollo'' political and economic strength in the separate colonies, coupled with their global geographic distribution, led them to each evolve separate (both from each other and Spain) orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Army Of Arauco
The Army of Arauco () was a professional army in the service of the kings of Spain that was based in Spanish-Mapuche frontier, south-central Chile, during the 16th to 19th centuries. It was notable for being a rare example of a standing army in the Americas. The army was established after the disastrous Destruction of the Seven Cities (1598–1604) to fight in the Arauco War against anti-Spanish Mapuche coalitions. The army was financed by silver from Potosí, in a payment called Real Situado.Lacoste, P. 2005. El vino y la nueva identidad de Chile. ''Revista Universum'', 20, 24-33. With the army headquarters being in Concepción this city became the "military capital" of Chile. The Army of Arauco shaped the economy of southern Chile as it created a demand for wine and it meant an inflow of silver. This stimulated the Chilean wine industry as well as the Mapuche silverwork Mapuche silverwork is one of the best known aspects of Mapuche material culture.Painecura 2011, p. 15. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santa Fe De Nuevo México
Santa Fe de Nuevo México (; shortened as Nuevo México or Nuevo Méjico, and translated as New Mexico in English) was a province of the Spanish Empire and New Spain, and later a territory of independent Mexico. The first capital was San Juan de los Caballeros (at San Gabriel de Yungue-Ouinge) from 1598 until 1610, and from 1610 onward the capital was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís. The name of "New Mexico", the capital in Santa Fe, the gubernatorial office at the Palace of the Governors, ''vecino'' citizen-soldiers, and rule of law were retained as the New Mexico Territory and later state of New Mexico became part of the United States. The New Mexican citizenry, primarily consisting of Hispano, Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, and Comanche peoples, became citizens of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). ' is often incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the post-independent nation of Mexico. But as early as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Santa Fe ( ; , literal translation, lit. "Holy Faith") is the capital city, capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico, and the county seat of Santa Fe County. With over 89,000 residents, Santa Fe is the List of municipalities in New Mexico, fourth-most populous city in the state and the principal city of the Santa Fe metropolitan statistical area, which had 154,823 residents in 2020. Santa Fe is the third-largest city in the Albuquerque, New Mexico, Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Los Alamos, New Mexico, Los Alamos Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Los Alamos combined statistical area, combined statistical area, which had a population of 1,162,523 in 2020. Situated at the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the city is at the highest altitude of any U.S. state capital, with an elevation of 6,998 feet (2,133 m). Founded in 1610 as the capital of ', a province of New Spain, Santa Fe is the oldest List of capitals in the United States, state capital in the United States and the earliest E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otoe
The Otoe ( Chiwere: Jiwére) are a Native American people of the Midwestern United States. The Otoe language, Chiwere, is part of the Siouan family and closely related to that of the related Iowa, Missouria, and Ho-Chunk tribes. Historically, the Otoe tribe lived as a semi-nomadic people on the Central Plains along the bank of the Missouri River in Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri. They lived in elm-bark lodges while they farmed, and used tipis while traveling, like many other Plains tribes. They often left their villages to hunt buffalo. In the early 19th century, many of their villages were destroyed due to warfare with other tribes. European-American encroachment and disease also played a role in their decline. Today, Otoe people belong to the federally recognized tribe, the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, headquartered in Red Rock, Oklahoma. History The Otoe were once part of the Ho-Chunk and Siouan languages, Siouan-speaking tribes of the Western Great Lake ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pawnee People
The Pawnee, also known by their endonym (which translates to "Men of Men"), are an Plains Indians, Indigenous people of the Great Plains that historically lived in Nebraska and northern Kansas but today are based in Oklahoma. They are the federally recognized Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, who are headquartered in Pawnee, Oklahoma. Their Pawnee language belongs to the Caddoan language family. Historically, the Pawnee lived in villages of earth lodges near the Loup River, Loup, Republican River, Republican, and Platte River, South Platte rivers. The Pawnee tribal economic activities throughout the year alternated between farming crops and hunting American bison, buffalo. In the early 18th century, the Pawnee numbered more than 60,000 people. They lived along the Loup () and Platte () river areas for centuries; however, several tribes from the Great Lakes began moving onto the Great Plains and encroaching on Pawnee territory, including the Dakota people, Dakota, Lakota people, La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Villasur Expedition
The Villasur expedition of 1720 was a Spanish military expedition intended to check New France's growing influence on the North American Great Plains, led by Lieutenant-General Pedro de Villasur. Pawnee and Otoe Indians attacked the expedition in Nebraska, killing 36 of the 40 Spaniards, 10 of their Indian allies, and a French guide. The survivors retreated to their base in New Mexico. Background In the first part of the 18th century, French explorers and fur traders began to enter the plains west of the Missouri River, which they claimed as Louisiana. In 1714, Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont became the first colonial explorer known to have reached the mouth of the Platte River, although other French traders may have visited the area and lived among the Indians. Spain had claimed ownership of the Great Plains since the Coronado expedition of the 16th century, but had done little to assert this claim, and was now worried about the growing French influence in the regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Remuda
A remuda is a horse herd from which ranch-hands select their mounts. The word is of Spanish derivation, meaning 'remount', i.e.: "change of horses", and is in common use in the American West. The person in charge of the remuda is generally known as a wrangler. The wrangler provides spare horses during roundup, when cowboys change mounts three to four times a day. Necessity West of the Mississippi River, ranches are larger in acreage than are the farms to the east. Historically, cattle grazed, mostly unattended, on the open range before being rounded up and driven to market. In present times in early summer, cattle are released onto U.S. Forest Service or Bureau of Land Management lands, where the rancher pays the U.S. government for a lease, often of multiple sections of land. Most public land is still open range, unfenced or minimally fenced. Cattle are still rounded up and brought in off the range in the late summer and fall, with breeding stock sorted and moved to winter p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Possible Navajo Charcol Cave Draving Of Soldado De Cuera Cira Unknown
Possibility is the condition or fact of being possible. Latin origins of the word hint at ability. Possibility may refer to: * Probability, the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur * Epistemic possibility, a topic in philosophy and modal logic * Possibility theory, a mathematical theory for dealing with certain types of uncertainty and is an alternative to probability theory * Subjunctive possibility, (also called alethic possibility) is a form of modality studied in modal logic. ** Logical possibility, a proposition that will depend on the system of logic being considered, rather than on the violation of any single rule * Possible world, a complete and consistent way the world is or could have been Other *Possible (Italy), a political party in Italy *Possible Peru, a political party in Peru *Possible Peru Alliance, an electoral alliance in Peru Entertainment *''Kim Possible'', a US children's TV series :*Kim Possible (character), the central character of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alta California
Alta California (, ), also known as Nueva California () among other names, was a province of New Spain formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula, it had previously comprised the province of , but was made a separate province in 1804 (named ). Following the Mexican War of Independence, it became a territory of First Mexican Empire, Mexico in April 1822 and was renamed in 1824. The territory included all of the present-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, and Colorado. The territory was with Baja California Territory, Baja California (as a single ) in Mexico's 1836 ''Siete Leyes'' (Seven Laws) constitutional reform, granting it more autonomy. That change was undone in 1846, but rendered moot by the outcome of the Mexican–American War in 1848, when most of the areas formerly comprising Alta California Mexican Cession, were ceded to the U.S. in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the treaty which ended the war. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Los Adaes
Los Adaes was the capital of Tejas (Texas) on the northeastern frontier of New Spain from 1721 to 1773. It included a Franciscan mission, San Miguel de Cuéllar de los Adaes, and a presidio, Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes (Our Lady of the Pillar of the Adaes). The name Adaes derives from the indigenous Adai people, members of the Caddoan confederacy of Indians who were the people the missionaries aimed to convert to Christianity. The presidio and mission were established to counter French influence in Louisiana territory and defend New Spain (Mexico, including Texas) from possible invasion or encroachment by the French. In 1763 Louisiana came under the control of Spain and the Los Adaes outpost was no longer necessary for defense. In 1773 the Spanish closed the mission and presidio and forced the population to move to San Antonio. The site, now preserved in the state-run Los Adaes State Historic Site, is located on Louisiana Highway 485 in present-day Natchitoches ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
