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Silent Witness Rule
The silent witness rule is the use of "substitutions" when referring to sensitive information in the United States open courtroom jury trial system. An example of a substitution method is the use of code-words on a "key card", to which witnesses and the jury would refer during the trial, but which the public would not have access to. The rule is an evidentiary doctrine that tries to balance the state secrets privilege with the bill of rights (especially the right of the accused to a public trial, and the right to due process). In practice the rule has been rarely used and was often challenged by judges and civil rights advocates. Its use remains controversial. Background The conflict between the open court and state secrets privilege goes back to at least 1803 and ''Marbury v. Madison''. Under the privilege, the government can dismiss any charges against it by claiming that important state secrets would be revealed at trial. In 1980 the Classified Information Procedures Act (CI ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rules Of Evidence
The law of evidence, also known as the rules of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact in reaching its decision. The trier of fact is a judge in bench trials, or the jury in any cases involving a jury. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction. The quantum of evidence is the amount of evidence needed; the quality of proof is how reliable such evidence should be considered. Important rules that govern admissibility concern hearsay, authentication, relevance, privilege, witnesses, opinions, expert testimony, identification and rules of physical evidence. There are various standards of evidence, standards sho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sixth Amendment To The United States Constitution
The Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the United States Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has applied all but one of this amendment's protections to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants eight different rights, including the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury consisting of jurors from the state and district in which the crime was alleged to have been committed. Under the impartial jury requirement, jurors must be unbiased, and the jury must consist of a representative cross-section of the community. The right to a jury applies only to offenses in which the penalty is imprisonment for longer than six months. In '' Barker v. Wingo'', the Supreme Court articulated a balancing test to determine whether a defendant's right to a speedy trial had been violated. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Government Secrecy
The United States government classification system is established under Executive Order 13526, the latest in a long series of executive orders on the topic of classified information beginning in 1951. Issued by President Barack Obama in 2009, Executive Order 13526 replaced earlier executive orders on the topic and modified the regulations codified to 32 C.F.R. 2001. It lays out the system of classification, declassification, and handling of national security information generated by the U.S. government and its employees and contractors, as well as information received from other governments. The desired degree of secrecy about such information is known as its sensitivity. Sensitivity is based upon a calculation of the damage to national security that the release of the information would cause. The United States has three levels of classification: Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret. Each level of classification indicates an increasing degree of sensitivity. Thus, if one holds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federation Of American Scientists
The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure. FAS was founded in 1945 by a group of scientists, some of whom had previously contributed to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project. The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate the global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Trial
Public trial or open trial is a trial (law), trial that is open to the public, as opposed to a secret trial. It should not be confused with a show trial. United States The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution establishes the right of the accused to a public trial. The right to a public trial is strictly enforced, but is not absolute. Trials may in exceptional cases be regulated. Closures are decided case-by-case by the judge evaluating a claimed danger to a substantial or legitimate public interest. But whatever the interest at stake, the likelihood of danger to that interest must meet a substantial probability' test". Examples of cases presenting closure issues include organized crime cases (overall security concerns), rape cases (decency concerns), Minor (law), juvenile cases,Overview of the Sixth Amend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Totten V
Totten may refer to: Places * Totten (mountain), a mountain in Hemsedal, Norway * Fort Totten (other) * Totten Glacier, Antarctica * Totten Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, United States * Totten Key, island in the Florida Keys, United States * Totten Prairie, Illinois, United States People * Alex Totten (born 1946), Scottish football player and manager * Archibald W. O. Totten (1809–1867), Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court * Charles Adelle Lewis Totten, (1851–1908), American military officer, and influential early advocate of British Israelism * Donald L. Totten (1933–2019), American politician and mechanical engineer * George Muirson Totten (1809–1884), American civil engineer * George Oakley Totten Jr. (1866–1939), American architect * Henry Totten (1824–1899), American politician and businessman * Henry Roland Totten (1892–1975), American botanist * James Totten (1818–1871), officer in the Union Army and Missouri militia general during the Ame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesselyn Radack
Jesselyn Radack (born December 12, 1970) is an American national security and human rights attorney known for her defense of whistleblowers, journalists, and hacktivists. She has defended more people charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 than any attorney in U.S. history, including defendants CIA whistleblower John Kiriakou and NSA whistleblowers Edward Snowden, Thomas Drake, and Daniel Hale. In addition, she represented a dozen CIA and Air Force whistleblowers who made disclosures about the U.S. drone program, including Brandon Bryant, Cian Westmoreland, Christopher Aaron, Michael Haas, Stephen Lewis, Heather Linebaugh, and Lisa Ling. In addition to her client work, Radack was also integral to advocacy campaigns for U.S. Army whistleblower Chelsea Manning; CIA whistleblower Jeffrey Alexander Sterling; Air Force veteran Reality Leigh Winner; and Wikileaks publisher Julian Assange. She graduated from Wilde Lake High School, Brown University and Yale Law School, and beg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
El-Masri V
Masri, Masry, Misri or Al-Masri and El-Masry (, commonly spelled in the Egyptian dialect as ) is an Arabic-language last name that literally means the Egyptian. The surname is commonly found in modern Egyptians and can be found in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Iran, Sudan, Israeli Jews and Arabs and among Hindu Brahmins and Muslims in Indian Kashmir. In the Kashmiri context In the Indian Kashmiri context, the surname Misri has historical significance tied to occupational roles during periods of foreign trade and influence. Specifically, it was a nickname given to a Kashmiri Pandit employed in the service of a trader from Egypt (''Misr''). Over time, this occupational nickname evolved into a hereditary surname. Al-Masri * Amir El-Masry (born 1990), Egyptian-British actor. * Ibrahim El-Masry (born 1989), Egyptian handball player for Al Ahly and the Egyptian national team. * Abu Uday el-Masry bin el-Emam (born 903), an Egyptian judge, religious scholar, founder of Emam fami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Press-Enterprise Co
''The Press-Enterprise'' is a paid daily newspaper published by Digital First Media that serves the Inland Empire in Southern California. Headquartered in downtown Riverside, California, it is the primary newspaper for Riverside County, with heavy penetration into neighboring San Bernardino County. The geographic circulation area of the newspaper spans from the border of Orange County to the west, east to the Coachella Valley, north to the San Bernardino Mountains, and south to the San Diego County line. ''The Press-Enterprise'' is a member of the Southern California News Group. The newspaper traces its roots to ''The Press'', which began publishing in 1878, and ''The Daily Enterprise'', which started publishing in 1885. The two papers were merged into one company in 1931, but the company did not begin publishing a daily morning paper named ''The Press-Enterprise'' until 1983. A. H. Belo acquired the company in 1998. In October 2013, A.H. Belo announced that it had reached an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confrontation Clause
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right... to be confronted with the witnesses against him." The right only applies to criminal prosecutions, not civil cases or other proceedings. Generally, the right is to have a face-to-face confrontation with witnesses who are offering testimonial evidence against the accused in the form of cross-examination during a trial. The Fourteenth Amendment makes the right to confrontation applicable to the states and not just the federal government. In 2004, the Supreme Court of the United States formulated a new test in '' Crawford v. Washington'' to determine whether the Confrontation Clause applies in a criminal case. The Confrontation Clause has its roots in both English common law, protecting the right of cross-examination, and Roman law, which guaranteed persons accused of a crime the right to look their accusers in the eye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redaction
Redaction or sanitization is the process of removing sensitive information from a document so that it may be distributed to a broader audience. It is intended to allow the selective disclosure of information. Typically, the result is a document that is suitable for publication or for dissemination to others rather than the intended audience of the original document. When the intent is secrecy protection, such as in dealing with classified information, redaction attempts to reduce the document's classification level, possibly yielding an unclassified document. When the intent is privacy protection, it is often called data anonymization. Originally, the term ''sanitization'' was applied to printed documents; it has since been extended to apply to computer files and the problem of data remanence. Government secrecy In the context of government documents, redaction (also called sanitization) generally refers more specifically to the process of removing sensitive or classified inf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
