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Scissor Crisis
The Scissors Crisis () was an incident in 1923 in the economy of the Soviet Union during the New Economic Policy (NEP), when there was a widening gap ("price scissors") between industrial and agricultural prices. The term is now used to describe this economic circumstance in many periods of history. History Like the blades of a pair of open scissors, the prices of industrial and agricultural goods diverged, reaching a peak in October 1923 where industrial prices were 276 percent of their 1913 levels, while agricultural prices were only 89 percent. The name was coined by Leon Trotsky after the scissors-shaped price/time graph. This meant that peasants' incomes fell, and it became difficult for them to buy manufactured goods. As a result, peasants began to stop selling their produce and revert to subsistence farming, leading to fears of a famine. The crisis happened because agricultural production had rebounded quickly from the famine of 1921–22 and the Russian Civil War. In c ...
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Graph Illustrating The Scissors Crisis
Graph may refer to: Mathematics *Graph (discrete mathematics), a structure made of vertices and edges **Graph theory, the study of such graphs and their properties *Graph (topology), a topological space resembling a graph in the sense of discrete mathematics *Graph of a function * Graph of a relation *Graph paper *Chart, a means of representing data (also called a graph) Computing *Graph (abstract data type), an abstract data type representing relations or connections *graph (Unix), Unix command-line utility *Conceptual graph, a model for knowledge representation and reasoning *Microsoft Graph, a Microsoft API developer platform that connects multiple services and devices Other uses * HMS ''Graph'', a submarine of the UK Royal Navy See also * Complex network *Graf *Graff (other) *Graph database *Grapheme, in linguistics *Graphemics *Graphic (other) *-graphy (suffix from the Greek for "describe," "write" or "draw") *List of information graphics software *Statis ...
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Consumers' Cooperative
A consumer cooperative is an business, enterprise owned by consumers and managed democracy, democratically and that aims at fulfilling the needs and aspirations of its members. Such cooperatives operate within the market economy independently of the state, as a form of mutual aid oriented toward service rather than pecuniary profit. Many cooperatives, however, do have a degree of profit orientation. Just like other corporations, some cooperatives issue dividends to owners based on a share of total net profit or earnings (all owners typically receive the same amount); or based on a percentage of the total amount of purchases made by the owner. Regardless of whether they issue a dividend or not, most consumers’ cooperatives will offer owners discounts and preferential access to goods and services. Consumer cooperatives often take the form of retail outlets owned and operated by their consumers, such as food cooperatives. However, there are many types of consumers' cooperatives, ope ...
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Economic History Of The Soviet Union
The economy of the Soviet Union was based on state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, and Industrial engineering, industrial manufacturing. An administrative-command system managed a Soviet-type economic planning, distinctive form of Economic planning#Soviet Union, central planning. The Soviet economy was second only to the United States and was characterized by state control of investment, prices, a dependence on natural resources, lack of Final good, consumer goods, little foreign trade, public ownership of industrial assets, Economic stability, macroeconomic stability, low unemployment and high job security. Beginning 1930 in the Soviet Union, in 1930, the course of the economy of the Soviet Union was guided by a series of Five-year plans of the Soviet Union, five-year plans. By the 1950s, the Soviet Union had rapidly evolved from a mainly agrarian society into a major industrial power. Its transformative capacity meant communism consistently appea ...
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1923 In The Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1923 in the Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Incumbents * General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin * List of heads of state of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets – Mikhail Kalinin * Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – Vladimir Lenin Events April * 17–25 April – 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) June * 16 June – The Yakut Revolt ends with the defeat of the White Army. October * 15 October – The Declaration of 46 is sent. Births *January 9 — Eduard Kolmanovsky, People's Artist of the USSR (d. 1994 in Russia, 1994) *January 13 — Daniil Shafran, cellist (d. 1997 in Russia, 1997) *January 15 — Yevgeny Vesnik, actor (d. 2009 in Russia, 2009) *January 27 — Vladimir Aleksenko, Air force general (d. 1995 in Russia, 1995) *January 30 — Leonid Gaidai, c ...
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Lewis Siegelbaum
Lewis H. Siegelbaum is Jack and Margaret Sweet Professor Emeritus of History at Michigan State University (retired in 2018). His interests include 20th century Europe, Russia and Soviet Union. He has been with MSU since 1983.Lewis Siegelbaum
profile @ MSU website

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Biography

Lewis Siegelbaum was born in New York to a secular Jewish family.Людмила Новикова

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Smychka
Smychka () was a popular political term in Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union. It can be roughly translated as "collaboration in society" "union", "alliance", "joining the ranks". The generic meaning of the noun ":ru:wikt:смычка, смычка", derived from the verb "сомкнуть", is joining of two things: contact, joint, linkage, coupling, like joining the two opposite branches of a railroad whose construction was started from both ends. The best known example of the usage of the term was the motto and the Soviet politics of "smychka of the city and the village" ("смычка города и деревни"), which was understood as the alliance of proletariat and the poor peasantry."The Economic Organization of War Communism 1918-1921", by Silvana Malle, 2002, , section 8.1: "Military Emergency and Smychkap. 396/ref> References {{reflist External links1924: Scissors Crisis
- "Smychka and the Scissors Crisis", at ''Se ...
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Monetary Reform In The Soviet Union, 1922–24
The 1922–1924 monetary reform of the Soviet Union was a set of monetary policies which was implemented in the Soviet Union as a part of the Soviet government’s New Economic Policy. The principal objectives of the reform included stopping the effects of hyperinflation, establishing a unified medium of exchange and the creation of a more-independent central bank. According to economic data recorded in the archives of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, results of the reform were mixed; some modern-day economists call the new policies a successful transition towards state capitalism, but others describe them as problematic and failing to uphold the targets laid out in its original blueprint. Economists such as John Maynard Keynes categorize the reform as an aggregation of short-term monetary expansion experiments which defined Soviet monetary and fiscal policies, where the state played an active role in dictating economic growth. Purpose According to historian Gusta ...
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Soviet Grain Procurement Crisis Of 1928
The Soviet grain procurement crisis of 1928, sometimes referred to as "the crisis of NEP," was a pivotal economic event which took place in the Soviet Union beginning in January 1928 during which the quantities of wheat, rye, and other cereal crops made available for purchase by the state fell to levels regarded by planners as inadequate to support the needs of the country's urban population. Failure of the state to make successful use of the price system to generate sufficient grain sales was met with a regimen of increasingly harsh administrative sanctions against the Soviet peasantry. The state of national emergency which followed led to the termination of the New Economic Policy and spurred a move towards the collectivization of agriculture in 1929. History Background The Russian Revolution of November 1917 ushered in a period of civil war and economic dislocation, in which the ruling All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (VKP) made use of forced grain requisitions (Russian: ...
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Collectivization In The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union introduced collectivization () of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940. It began during and was part of the first five-year plan. The policy aimed to integrate individual landholdings and labour into nominally collectively-controlled and openly or directly state-controlled farms: ''Kolkhozes'' and '' Sovkhozes'' accordingly. The Soviet leadership confidently expected that the replacement of individual peasant farms by collective ones would immediately increase the food supply for the urban population, the supply of raw materials for the processing industry, and agricultural exports via state-imposed quotas on individuals working on collective farms. Planners regarded collectivization as the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution (mainly in grain deliveries) that had developed from 1927. This problem became more acute as the Soviet Union pressed ahead with its ambitious industrialization program, meaning that more food would be needed ...
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Industrialization In The Soviet Union
Industrialization in the Soviet Union was a process of accelerated building-up of the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to reduce the economy's lag behind the developed capitalist states, which was carried out from May 1929 to June 1941. The official task of industrialization was the transformation of the Soviet Union from a predominantly agrarian state into a leading industrial one. The beginning of socialist industrialization as an integral part of the "triple task of a radical reorganization of society" (industrialization, economic centralization, collectivization of agriculture and a cultural revolution) was laid down by the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy lasting from 1928 until 1932. In Soviet times, industrialization was considered a great feat. The rapid growth of production capacity and the volume of production of heavy industry (4 times) was of great importance for ensuring economic independence from capitalist countries and s ...
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Ural-Siberian Method
The Ural-Siberian method was an extraordinary approach launched in the Soviet Union for the collection of grain from the countryside. It was introduced in the Urals and Siberia, hence the name. Criticized by the Right Opposition for being a restoration of extraordinary measures, it was nevertheless approved and eventually received legislative support in June 1929. History Between 1928 and 1929, various suggestions were put forth to increase the efficiency of grain procurement. The initial version of the Ural-Siberian method was first suggested by Ural ''obkom'' of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), based on the actual practice used there in 1928. The Bolshevik Politburo approved the suggestion on March 20, 1929 and recommended its use in eastern regions of the Soviet Union. Siberian ''raikom'' significantly contributed to this approach (particularly, it suggested ''pyatikratka'', see below), and therefore at the April 1928 Plenum of Central Committee and Central Co ...
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Lev Gatovsky
Lev Markovich Gatovsky (Russian: Лев Маркович Гатовский; 26 July 1903 – 18 April 1997) was a Soviet Union, Soviet economist, being one of the first who tried to create a theoretical framework in which to understand the nature of the socialist project taking place in the Soviet Union from a political economy perspective. He became director of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, Soviet Academy of Sciences, later renamed Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciencies, from 1965 to 1971. Apart from his general academic work, he contributed to several major economic developments such as the first two Five-year plans of the Soviet Union, five-year economic plans and the 1965 Soviet economic reform, 1965 Soviet Economic Reform, as well as editing the first Political Economy textbook of the USSR. Biography Lev Gatovsky was born into a Jewish family on 26 Ju ...
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