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Raising Of Chicago
During the 1850s and 1860s, engineers carried out a piecemeal raising of the grade of central Chicago to lift the city out of its low-lying swampy ground. Buildings and sidewalks were physically raised on jackscrews. The work was funded by private property owners and public funds. Overview During the 19th century, the elevation of the Chicago area was little higher than the shoreline of Lake Michigan. For two decades following the city's incorporation, drainage from the city surface was inadequate, resulting in large bodies of standing and pathogenic water. These conditions caused numerous epidemics, including typhoid fever and dysentery, which blighted Chicago six years in a row culminating in the 1854 outbreak of cholera that killed six percent of the city’s population. The crisis forced the city's engineers and aldermen to take the drainage problem seriously and after many heated discussions—and following at least one false start—a solution eventually materialized. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grading (earthworks)
Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage. The earthworks created for such a purpose are often called the sub-grade or finished contouring (see diagram). Regrading Regrading is the process of grading for raising and/or lowering the levels of land. Such a project can also be referred to as a regrade. Regrading may be done on a small scale (as in preparation of a house site)Trees and Home Construction: Minimizing the impact of construction activity on trees University of Ohio Extension Bulletin 870-99. Accessed online 16 October ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LaSalle Street
LaSalle Street is a major north-south street in Chicago named for René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, a 17th century French explorer of the Illinois Country. The portion that runs through the Chicago Loop is considered to be Chicago's financial district. Route description South Side South of the Financial District, LaSalle Street gets cut off for a while by the Amtrak/Metra Rail yard from Taylor St to 1600 South. It runs parallel to the Rock Island District Metra line. South of 26th Street, it serves as a frontage road for the Dan Ryan Expressway until 47th street, where it merges with Wentworth Avenue. South of 47th, it starts and stops as a local street until it finally terminates at Sibley Boulevard in Dolton, Illinois, Dolton. In the Loop The stretch of LaSalle Street and its adjacent buildings in the Loop is recognized as the West Loop–LaSalle Street Historic District. The south end of LaSalle Street terminates at the art-deco Chicago Board of Trade Buildin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madison Street (Chicago)
Madison Street is a major east–west street in Chicago, Illinois. Prior to human intervention, in the early 19th century the Chicago River after forming a large bend emptied into Lake Michigan at the present day intersection of Madison Street and Michigan Avenue. The street in the central was laid out in the first plat of Chicago. Notable buildings located along Madison Street include the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, Chase Tower, Three First National Plaza, the Chicago Civic Opera House, Citigroup Center and the United Center. The Chicago Stadium was situated across the street from the United Center until it was demolished in 1995. History Per a 1908 decision by Chicago's city council, Madison serves as the north–south dividing line for Chicago's street numbering system, while State Street serves as the east–west line. At one point, the intersection between the two streets was considered the "world's busiest corner." [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structure Relocation
A structure relocation is the process of moving a structure from one location to another. There are two main ways for a structure to be moved: disassembling and then reassembling it at the required destination, or transporting it whole. For the latter, the building is first House raising, raised and then may be pushed on temporary rails or dollies if the distance is short. Otherwise, wheels, such as flatbed trucks, are used. These moves can be complicated and require the removal of protruding parts of the building, such as the chimney, as well as obstacles along the journey, such as overhead cables and trees. Reasons for moving a building range from commercial reasons such as scenery to preserving an important or historic building. Moves may also be made simply at the whim of the owner, or to separate a building from the plot of land on which it stands. Equipment Elevating a whole structure is typically done by attaching a temporary steel framework under the structure to support ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Framing (construction)
Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure, particularly a building, support and shape. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. The alternative to framed construction is generally called ''mass wall'' construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe, etc. are used without framing. Building framing is divided into two broad categories, heavy-frame construction (heavy framing) if the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in timber framing, pole building framing, or steel framing; or light-frame construction (light-framing) if the supports are more numerous and smaller, such as balloon, platform, light-steel framing and pre-built framing. Light-frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant construction method in North America and Australia due to the economy of the method; use of minimal structural m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Briggs House
Briggs may refer to: People and fictional characters * Briggs (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters * Briggs (given name), a list of people * Briggs (rapper) (born 1986), Australian rapper * Bishop Briggs, stage name of British-American singer and songwriter Sarah Grace McLaughlin (born 1992) Places ;In the United States * Briggs, Nebraska, an unincorporated community * Briggs, Ohio, an extinct town * Briggs, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community and census-designated place * Briggs, Texas, an unincorporated community * Briggs, Virginia, an unincorporated community * Briggs Reservoir (Manomet, Massachusetts) * Briggs Reservoir (Plymouth, Massachusetts) * Briggs Lake, a lake in Minnesota * Briggs Run, a tributary of the Mohawk River near Yosts, New York ;Elsewhere * Briggs Hill, Victoria Land, Antarctica * Briggs Peninsula, Graham Land, Antarctica * Briggs Islet, Tasmania, Australia * Briggs Township, Ontario, Canada * Briggs Inlet, British Columbi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Francisco, California
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of 2024, San Francisco is the List of California cities by population, fourth-most populous city in the U.S. state of California and the List of United States cities by population, 17th-most populous in the United States. San Francisco has a land area of at the upper end of the San Francisco Peninsula and is the County statistics of the United States, fifth-most densely populated U.S. county. Among U.S. cities proper with over 250,000 residents, San Francisco is ranked first by per capita income and sixth by aggregate income as of 2023. San Francisco anchors the Metropolitan statistical area#United States, 13th-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S., with almost 4.6 million residents in 2023. The larger San Francisco Bay Area ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydraulics
Hydraulics () is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concerns gases. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on applied engineering using the properties of fluids. In its fluid power applications, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of Power (physics), power by the use of pressure, pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering modules, and they cover concepts such as pipe Volumetric flow rate, flow, dam design, fluidics, and fluid control circuitry. The principles of hydraulics are in use naturally in the human body within the vascular system and erectile tissue. ''Free surface hydraulics'' is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in rivers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sidewalk
A sidewalk (North American English), pavement (British English, South African English), or footpath (Hiberno-English, Irish English, Indian English, Australian English, New Zealand English) is a path along the side of a road. Usually constructed of concrete, pavers, brick, stone, or asphalt, it is designed for pedestrians. A sidewalk is normally higher than the carriageway, roadway, and separated from it by a curb. There may also be a Road verge, planted strip between the sidewalk and the roadway and between the roadway and the adjacent land. Terminology The preferred term for a pedestrian path beside a road varies based on region. The term "sidewalk" is preferred in most of the United States and Canada. The term "pavement" is more common in the United Kingdom and some other members of the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as parts of the Mid-Atlantic United States such as Philadelphia and parts of New Jersey. Australia, New Zealand, and many other Commonwealth countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Frame
The term iron frame describes the structural use of either cast iron or wrought iron in the columns and Beam (structure), beams of a building. While popular in the 19th century, the iron frame was displaced by the steel frame in the early 20th century. Cast iron Columns made of cast iron were introduced in the 1770s, the first building with multiple storeys using cast iron for both columns and beams is the Ditherington Flax Mill in Shrewsbury (1797). Columns were joined usually at the floor level and sometimes bolted together, the longer beams were made of sections that were also kept together by bolts. At first, the stiffness of the frame was achieved through the use of masonry that filled the openings in the frame, but since 1844, a ''rigid frame'' was used that was stable by itself (former fire station at the Portsmouth Dockyard). With its high compression strength, the cast iron is well-suited for columns. At first, the cruciform profile was used, later displaced by the hol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cast-iron Architecture
Cast-iron architecture is the use of cast iron in buildings and objects, ranging from bridges and markets to warehouses, balconies and fences. Refinements developed during the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century made cast iron relatively cheap and suitable for a range of uses, and by the mid-19th century it was common as a structural material (and sometimes for entire buildings), and particularly for elaborately patterned architectural elements such as fences and balconies, until it fell out of fashion after 1900 as a decorative material, and was replaced by modern steel and concrete for structural purposes. Structural use Cast iron is not a good structural material for handling Tension (physics), tension or bending moments because of its brittleness and relatively low Ultimate tensile strength, tensile strength compared to steel and wrought iron. However, cast iron does have good compressive strength and was successfully used for structural components that were largely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Senate
The United States Senate is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the upper house, with the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, the Senate and House have the authority under Article One of the United States Constitution, Article One of the Constitution of the United States, U.S. Constitution to pass or defeat federal legislation. The Senate also has exclusive power to confirm President of the United States, U.S. presidential appointments, to approve or reject treaties, and to convict or exonerate Impeachment in the United States, impeachment cases brought by the House. The Senate and the House provide a Separation of powers under the United States Constitution, check and balance on the powers of the Federal government of the United States#Executive branch, executive and Federal judiciary of the United States, judicial branches of government. The composition and powers of the Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
