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Propylamphetamine
Propylamphetamine (code name PAL-424; also known as ''N''-propylamphetamine or NPA) is a psychostimulant of the amphetamine family which was never marketed. It was first developed in the 1970s, mainly for research into the metabolism of, and as a comparison tool to, other amphetamines. Propylamphetamine is inactive as a dopamine releasing agent ''in vitro'' and instead acts as a low-potency dopamine reuptake inhibitor with an of 1,013nM. The drug can be ''N''- dealkylated to form amphetamine (10–20% excreted in urine after 24hours). A study in rats found propylamphetamine to be approximately 4-fold less potent than amphetamine. See also * Methamphetamine * Ethylamphetamine * Isopropylamphetamine * Butylamphetamine * Phenylpropylaminopentane 1-Phenyl-2-propylaminopentane (PPAP), also known as α,''N''-dipropylphenethylamine (DPPEA) and by the developmental code name MK-306, is an experimental drug related to selegiline which acts as a catecholaminergic activity enhan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Amphetamine
Substituted amphetamines, or simply amphetamines, are a chemical class, class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all derivative (chemistry), derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substitution reaction, substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents. The compounds in this class span a variety of pharmacological subclasses, including stimulants, Empathogen-entactogen, empathogens, and hallucinogens, among others. Examples of substituted amphetamines are amphetamine (itself), methamphetamine, ephedrine, cathinone, phentermine, mephentermine, tranylcypromine, bupropion, methoxyphenamine, selegiline, amfepramone, amfepramone (diethylpropion), pyrovalerone, MDMA (ecstasy), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, DOM (STP). Some of amphetamine's substituted Derivative (chemistry), derivatives occur in nature, for example in the leaves of ''Ephedra (genus), Ephedra'' and khat plants. Amphetamine w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butylamphetamine
Butylamphetamine (code name PAL-90; also known as ''N''-butylamphetamine or NBA) is a psychostimulant of the substituted amphetamine family which was never marketed. It is the ''N''-butyl analogue of amphetamine and is approximately 6-fold less potent than amphetamine in rats. The drug has been found to be inactive as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor or releasing agent ( and > 10,000nM, respectively). With regard to structure–activity relationships, the potency of ''N''-substituted amphetamine derivatives decreases with increasing chain length in terms of both ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo'' activity. The pharmacokinetics of butylamphetamine have been studied in humans. It can be metabolized by CYP2D6 via ring hydroxylation similarly to amphetamine. In addition, butylamphetamine can be ''N''- dealkylated into amphetamine (6–9% excreted in urine after 24hours). See also * Methamphetamine * Ethylamphetamine * Propylamphetamine * Isopropylamphetamine Isopropylamphetamine is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dextroethylamphetamine
Etilamfetamine, also known as ''N''-ethylamphetamine and formerly sold under the brand names Apetinil and Adiparthrol, is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine family. It was invented in the early 20th century and was subsequently used as an anorectic or appetite suppressant in the 1950s, but was not as commonly used as other amphetamines such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and benzphetamine, and was largely discontinued once newer drugs such as phenmetrazine were introduced. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Monoamine releasing agent Ethylamphetamine is a potent dopamine releasing agent (DRA) ''in vitro'', with an of 88.5nM. This is about 10-fold lower than the of dextroamphetamine. The values of ethylamphetamine for induction of norepinephrine and serotonin release were not reported. However, the values of its dextrorotatory enantiomer dextroethylamphetamine have been reported and were 44.1nM, 28.8nM, and 333nM for norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, respectively. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethylamphetamine
Etilamfetamine, also known as ''N''-ethylamphetamine and formerly sold under the brand names Apetinil and Adiparthrol, is a stimulant drug of the substituted amphetamine, amphetamine family. It was invented in the early 20th century and was subsequently used as an anorectic or appetite suppressant in the 1950s, but was not as commonly used as other amphetamines such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and benzphetamine, and was largely discontinued once newer drugs such as phenmetrazine were introduced. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Monoamine releasing agent Ethylamphetamine is a potency (pharmacology), potent dopamine releasing agent (DRA) ''in vitro'', with an of 88.5nM. This is about 10-fold lower than the of dextroamphetamine. The values of ethylamphetamine for induction of norepinephrine and serotonin release were not reported. However, the values of its dextrorotatory enantiomer dextroethylamphetamine have been reported and were 44.1nM, 28.8nM, and 333nM for norepinep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoamine Releasing Agent
A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of one or more monoamine neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters and hence enhanced signaling by those neurotransmitters. The monoamine neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; MRAs can induce the release of one or more of these neurotransmitters. MRAs work by reversing the direction of the monoamine transporters (MATs), including the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and/or dopamine transporter (DAT), causing them to promote efflux of non-vesicular cytoplasmic monoamine neurotransmitter rather than reuptake of synaptic monoamine neurotransmitter. Many, but not all MRAs, also reverse the direction of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), thereby additionally resulting in efflux of vesicular monoamine neuro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isopropylamphetamine
Isopropylamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the substituted amphetamine class. It is an isomer of propylamphetamine and was discovered by a team at Astra Läkemedel AB. The isopropyl moiety (chemistry), moiety reduces the stimulant activity of the compound but greatly increases the duration of action. For this reason, the compound is not used recreationally. See also * Amphetamine * Ethylamphetamine * Methamphetamine * Propylamphetamine * Butylamphetamine * Isoprenaline References Stimulants Substituted amphetamines Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents Isopropylamino compounds Secondary amines {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenylpropylaminopentane
1-Phenyl-2-propylaminopentane (PPAP), also known as α,''N''-dipropylphenethylamine (DPPEA) and by the developmental code name MK-306, is an experimental drug related to selegiline which acts as a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE). PPAP is a CAE and enhances the nerve impulse propagation-mediated release of norepinephrine and dopamine. It produces psychostimulant-like effects in animals. The drug is a phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative and was derived from selegiline. PPAP was first described in the literature in 1988 and in the first major paper in 1992. It led to the development of the improved monoaminergic activity enhancer (MAE) benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP) in 1999. PPAP was a reference compound for studying the MAE system for many years. However, it was superseded by BPAP, which is more potent, selective, and also enhances serotonin. There has been interest in PPAP for potential clinical use in humans, including in the treatment of depression, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug use, recreational or Performance-enhancing substance, performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic mixture, racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer subst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synaptosome
A synaptosome is an isolated synaptic terminal from a neuron. Synaptosomes are obtained by mild homogenization of nervous tissue under isotonic conditions and subsequent fractionation using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Liquid shear detaches the nerve terminals from the axon and the plasma membrane surrounding the nerve terminal particle reseals. Synaptosomes are osmotically sensitive, contain numerous small clear synaptic vesicles, sometimes larger dense-core vesicles and frequently one or more small mitochondria. They carry the morphological features and most of the chemical properties of the original nerve terminal. Synaptosomes isolated from mammalian brain often retain a piece of the attached postsynaptic membrane, facing the active zone. Synaptosomes were first isolated in an attempt to identify the subcellular compartment corresponding to the fraction of so-called bound acetylcholine that remains when brain tissue is homogenized in iso-osmotic sucrose. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioassay
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on animal testing, living animals or plants (''in vivo''), or on living cells or tissues (''in vitro''). A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect. If the measured response is binary, the assay is mwod:quantal, quantal; if not, it is Quantitative research, quantitative. A bioassay may be used to detect biological hazards or to give an assessment of the quality of a mixture. A bioassay is often used to monitor water quality as well as wastewater discharges and its impact on the surroundings. It is also used to assess the environmental impact and safety of new technologies and facilities. Bioassays are essential in pharmaceutical, medical and agricultural sciences for development and launching of new drugs, vitamins, etc. Principle A bioassay is a biochemical test to estimate the potency of a sample compound. Usually this potency can only be measured rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dextromethamphetamine
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic mixture, racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute good, substitute drugs with comparable treatment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
