Productid

	Productid Productida is an extinct order of brachiopods in the extinct class Strophomenata. Members of Productida first appeared during the Silurian. They represented the most abundant group of brachiopods during the Permian period, accounting for 45-70% of all species. The vast majority of species went extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, though a handful survived into the Early Triassic. Many productids are covered in hollow tubular spines, which are characteristic of the group. A number of functions for the spines have been proposed, including as a defensive mechanism against predators. Taxonomy Following the Treatise * Suborder Chonetidina Superfamily Chonetoidea * Family Strophochonetidae * Family Chonostrophiidae * Family Anopliidae * Family Eodevonariidae * Family Chonetidae * Family Rugosochonetidae * Family Daviesiellidae * Suborder Productidina Superfamily Productoidea * Family Productellidae * Family Productidae Superfamily Echinoconch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Productidae Productidae is an extinct Family (biology), family of Brachiopod, brachiopods which lived from the Upper Devonian to Upper Permian periods in marine environments. It is the most diversified family in the suborder Productidina, with some 100 genera. Taxonomic history The exact evolutionary relationships of Productidae as well as which groups belong to this family have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera ''Buxtonia'', ''Pustula (brachiopod), Pustula'' and ''Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters (including the cardinal process) as diagnostic, whereas the 2000 r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Linoproductidae Linoproductidae is an extinct Family (biology), family of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. The family was widespread across marine habitats, with fossils having been found on all continents except Antarctica. Members of this family commonly lack dorsal spines, and are characterized in possessing a distinct trail and deep corpus cavity. References Rhynchonellata {{Brachiopod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the Perm Governorate, region of Perm in Russia. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the two groups of amniotes, the synapsids and the Sauropsida, sauropsids (reptiles). The world at the time was dominated by the supercontinent Pangaea, which had formed due to the collision of Euramerica and Gondwana during the Carboniferous. Pangaea was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Productidina Productidina is a suborder of brachiopods containing the families: * Superfamily Productoidea Family Productellidae Family Productidae * Superfamily Echinoconchoidea Family Echinoconchidae Family Sentosiidae * Superfamily Linoproductoidea Family Linoproductidae Linoproductidae is an extinct Family (biology), family of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. The family was widespread across marine habitats, with fossils having been found on all continents except Antarctica. ... Family Monticuliferidae Family Shrenkiellidae References Strophomenata {{Brachiopod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Linoproductoidea Linoproductoidea is an extinct superfamily of brachiopods which lived from the Devonian to Permian periods. Their fossils have been found in marine formations dating to those periods on all continents. Description Linoproductoids commonly had long but simple trails, and fine, regular ribbing across the entire shell. Thick and symmetrical ventral spines were present on the hinge and diverse across the remainder of the valve, while the dorsal valve lacked spines (except in grandaurispinins and certain gigantoproductins). Evolution Initially, the surface of the ventral valves of linoproductoids had posterior and anterior spines of around the same thickness. Very early in the Carboniferous, the group evolved two additional spine-distribution patterns: one with the thickest spines confined to the hinge A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Echinoconchidae Echinoconchidae is an extinct family of brachiopods which lived from the Lower Carboniferous to Upper Permian periods in marine habitats. Currently, four subfamilies are assigned to it, though the evolutionary relationships between them and the family Productidae have been heavily debated for the better part of the 20th Century. Taxonomic history The exact evolutionary relationships of Echinoconchidae as well as which groups belong to this family have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera '' Buxtonia'', '' Pustula'' and '' Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Roadian In the geologic timescale, the Roadian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the earliest or lower of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian Epoch or Series. The Roadian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Kungurian and followed by the Wordian. Stratigraphy In 1961, the regional timescale used for the southeastern US had the Wordian and Capitanian as subdivisions of the Guadalupian. Efforts to correlate the Permian stratigraphy of the southeastern US with that of Russia led to the conclusion that between the Wordian stage and the Russian Artinskian stage, another stage needed to be introduced. This stage, the Roadian Stage, was established in 1968 and took its name from the Road Canyon Formation in Brewster County, Texas, formerly considered the lower (oldest) part of the Word Formation. The stage was added to the internationally used IUGS timescale in 2001.; 1999: ''Proposal of Guadalupian and Component Roadian, Wordian and Capitanian Sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]