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Process–architecture–optimization Model
Process–architecture–optimization is a development model for central processing units (CPUs) that Intel adopted in 2016. Under this three-phase (three-year) model, every microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor (computing), processor for which the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of ICs. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, a ... die shrink is followed by a microarchitecture change and then by one or more optimizations. It replaced the two-phase (two-year) tick–tock model that Intel adopted in 2006. The tick–tock model was no longer economically sustainable, according to Intel, because production of ever smaller dies becomes ever more costly.
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Central Processing Unit
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the primary Processor (computing), processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes Instruction (computing), instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized coprocessors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). The form, CPU design, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over time, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged. Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic–logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic operation, arithmetic and Bitwise operation, logic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations, and a control unit that orchestrates the #Fetch, fetching (from memory), #Decode, decoding and ...
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Cannon Lake (microprocessor)
Cannon Lake is Intel's codename for the ninth generation of Core processors based on Palm Cove, a 10 nm die shrink of the Kaby Lake microarchitecture. As a die shrink, Palm Cove is a new ''process'' in Intel's process-architecture-optimization execution plan as the next step in semiconductor fabrication. Cannon Lake CPUs are the first mainstream CPUs to include the AVX-512 instruction set. Prior to Cannon Lake's launch, Intel launched another 14 nm process refinement with the codename Coffee Lake. The successor of Cannon Lake is Ice Lake, powered by the Sunny Cove microarchitecture, which represents the ''architecture'' phase in the ''process-architecture-optimization'' model. Design history and features Cannon Lake was initially expected to be released in 2015/2016, but the release was pushed back to 2018. Intel demonstrated a laptop with an unknown Cannon Lake CPU at CES 2017 and announced that Cannon Lake based products would be available in 2018 at the earlie ...
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Arrow Lake (microprocessor)
Arrow Lake is the codename for Core Ultra Series 2 processors designed by Intel, released on October 24, 2024. It follows on from Meteor Lake which saw Intel move from monolithic silicon to a disaggregated MCM design. Meteor Lake was limited to a mobile release while Arrow Lake includes both socketable desktop processors and mainstream and enthusiast mobile processors. Core Ultra 200H and 200HX series mobile processors will follow in early 2025. Arrow Lake desktop CPUs integrated Thunderbolt 4 and USB4 support in the CPU, which allowed it to not be limited by PCIe 3.0 speeds and use simple re-timers instead. The chipset has the same maximum five integrated USB 3.2 2x2, and is Thunderbolt 5 ready if a discrete board is used. The integrated GPU added HDMI 2.1 FRL 48 Gbit/s (also in Meteor Lake) and variable refresh rate (VRR) support. CU-DIMM DDR5 memory support was added and is needed for optimal performance. Background The first official mention of Arrow Lake came on February ...
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Intel 20A
In semiconductor manufacturing, the 2 nm process is the next MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) die shrink after the 3 nm process node. The term "2 nanometer", or alternatively "20 angstrom" (a term used by Intel), has no relation to any actual physical feature (such as gate length, metal pitch or gate pitch) of the transistors. According to the projections contained in the 2021 update of the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a "2.1 nm node range label" is expected to have a contacted gate pitch of 45 nanometers and a tightest metal pitch of 20 nanometers. As such, 2 nm is used primarily as a marketing term by the semiconductor industry to refer to a new, improved generation of chips in terms of increased transistor density (a higher degree of miniaturization), increased speed, and reduced power consumption compared to the previous 3 nm ...
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Meteor Lake
Meteor Lake is the codename for Core Ultra Series 1 mobile processors, designed by Intel and officially released on December 14, 2023. It is the first generation of Intel mobile processors to use a chiplet architecture which means that the processor is a multi-chip module. Meteor Lake's design effort was led by Tim Wilson. Background In July 2021, Meteor Lake was initially announced to be coming with a 5–125W TDP range for various segments ranging from ultra low power mobile to enthusiast desktop. The initial tape-in process for Meteor Lake took place in May 2021. The CPU compute tile was confirmed to be fabricated on Intel's 7nm process (since rebranded to "Intel 4"). In October 2021, Intel said in an earnings call that it had taped out the CPU compute tile for Meteor Lake and after it was received it had powered on within 30 minutes and with expected performance levels. In April 2022, Intel announced that an assembled Meteor Lake mobile processor had been powered-on for th ...
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5 Nm Process
In semiconductor manufacturing, the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems defines the "5 nm" process as the MOSFET technology node following the 7 nm process, "7 nm" node. In 2020, Samsung Electronics, Samsung and TSMC entered volume production of "5 nm" chips, manufactured for companies including Apple Inc., Apple, Huawei, Mediatek, Qualcomm and Marvell Technology Group, Marvell. The term "5 nm" does not indicate that any physical feature (such as gate length, metal pitch or gate pitch) of the transistors is five nanometers in size. Historically, the number used in the name of a technology node represented the gate length, but it started deviating from the actual length to smaller numbers (by Intel) around 2011. According to the projections contained in the 2021 update of the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems published by IEEE Standards Association Industry Connection, the 5 nm node is expected to have a gate length of 18 nm, a contact ...
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Raptor Lake Refresh
Raptor Lake is Intel's codename for the 13th and 14th generations of Intel Core processors based on a hybrid architecture, utilizing Raptor Cove performance cores and Gracemont efficient cores. Like Alder Lake, Raptor Lake is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process. Raptor Lake features up to 24 cores (8 performance cores plus 16 efficiency cores) and 32 threads and is socket compatible with Alder Lake systems (LGA 1700, BGA 1744, BGA 1964). Like earlier generations, Raptor Lake processors also need accompanying chipsets. Raptor Lake CPUs have suffered issues with permanent damage from elevated voltage due to a vulnerable clock tree circuit, resulting in instability. Intel claims these issues have been since fixed in the latest microcode patches, which requires updating the motherboard's BIOS. History Raptor Lake launched on October 20, 2022. On January 3, 2023 at CES 2023, Intel announced additional desktop CPUs and mobile CPUs. The 14th generation was launched on Octob ...
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Raptor Lake
Raptor Lake is Intel's List of Intel codenames, codename for the 13th and 14th generations of Intel Core processors based on a Heterogeneous computing, hybrid architecture, utilizing Raptor Cove performance cores and Gracemont (microarchitecture), Gracemont efficient cores. Like Alder Lake, Raptor Lake is fabricated using Intel's 7 nm process, Intel 7 process. Raptor Lake features up to 24 cores (8 performance cores plus 16 efficiency cores) and 32 Thread (computing), threads and is socket compatible with Alder Lake systems (LGA 1700, BGA 1744, BGA 1964). Like earlier generations, Raptor Lake processors also need accompanying Platform Controller Hub, chipsets. Raptor Lake CPUs have suffered issues with permanent damage from elevated voltage due to a vulnerable clock tree circuit, resulting in instability. Intel claims these issues have been since fixed in the latest microcode patches, which requires updating the motherboard's BIOS. History Raptor Lake launched on October 20, 20 ...
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Golden Cove
Golden Cove is a codename for a CPU microarchitecture developed by Intel and released in November 2021. It succeeds four microarchitectures: Sunny Cove, Skylake, Willow Cove, and Cypress Cove. It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process node, previously referred to as 10nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF). The microarchitecture is used in the high-performance cores (P-core) of the 12th-generation Intel Core processors (codenamed " Alder Lake") and fourth-generation Xeon Scalable server processors (codenamed "Sapphire Rapids"). History and features Intel first unveiled Golden Cove during their Architecture Day 2020, with further details released at the same event in August 2021. Similar to Skylake, Golden Cove was described by Intel as a major update to the core microarchitecture, with Intel stating that it would "allow performance for the next decade of compute". Intel also described Golden Cove as the largest microarchitectural upgrade to the Core family in a decade, toutin ...
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Alder Lake
Alder Lake is Intel's codename for the 12th generation of Intel Core processors based on a hybrid architecture utilizing Golden Cove performance cores and Gracemont efficient cores. It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process, previously referred to as Intel 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF). The 10ESF has a 10%-15% boost in performance over the 10SF used in the mobile Tiger Lake processors. Intel officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core CPUs on October 27, 2021, mobile CPUs and non-K series desktop CPUs on January 4, 2022, Alder Lake-P and -U series on February 23, 2022, and Alder Lake-HX series on May 10, 2022. History It was announced in November 2021 that Intel Alder Lake would use a hybrid architecture combining performance and efficiency cores, similar to ARM big.LITTLE. This was Intel's second hybrid architecture, after the mobile-only Lakefield released in June 2020. While the desktop Alder Lake processors were already on the market by January 2022, the mo ...
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Willow Cove
Willow Cove is a codename for a CPU microarchitecture developed by Intel and released in September 2020. Willow Cove is the successor to the Sunny Cove microarchitecture, and is fabricated using Intel's enhanced 10 nm process node called 10 nm SuperFin (10SF). The microarchitecture powers 11th-generation Intel Core mobile processors (codenamed "Tiger Lake"). The Willow Cove microarchitecture was succeeded by Golden Cove. Features Intel first described Tiger Lake and Willow Cove during their Architecture Day in 2020. Willow Cove is almost identical to the previous microarchitecture but introduces new security features, a redesigned cache subsystem, and higher clock speeds. Intel claims that these changes, in addition to the new 10SF process node, give an additional 10–20% performance increase from Sunny Cove. Improvements * Larger L2 caches (1.25 MB per core from 512 KB per core) * Larger L3 caches (3 MB per core from 2 MB per core) * A new AVX-5 ...
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Tiger Lake
Tiger Lake is Intel's codename for the 11th generation Intel Core mobile processors based on the Willow Cove Core microarchitecture, manufactured using Intel's third-generation 10 nm process node known as 10SF ("10 nm SuperFin"). Tiger Lake replaces the Ice Lake family of mobile processors, representing an optimization step in Intel's process–architecture–optimization model. Tiger Lake processors launched on September 2, 2020. They are part of the Tiger Lake-U family (however, they end with the suffixes -G4 and -G7 instead of -U) and include dual-core and quad-core 9 W (7–15 W) TDP and 15 W (12–28 W) TDP models. They power 2020 Intel Evo laptops. The quad-core 96 EU die measures 13.6 × 10.7 mm (146.1 mm2), which is 19.2% wider than the 11.4 × 10.7 mm (122.5 mm2) quad-core 64 EU Ice Lake die. The 8-core 32 EU die used in Tiger Lake-H is around 190 mm2. Laptops based on Tiger Lake started to sell in October 2020. The Tiger Lake-H35 processors wer ...
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