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Private Prosecution
A private prosecution is a criminal proceeding initiated by an individual private citizen or private organisation (such as a prosecution association) instead of by a public prosecutor who represents the state. Private prosecutions are allowed in many jurisdictions under common law, but have become less frequent in modern times as most prosecutions are now handled by professional public prosecutors instead of private individuals who retain (or are themselves) barristers. Australia A private criminal prosecution for contempt of court can be commenced against a party in Australia in the Federal Circuit Court, the family court (that is, the Family Court of Western Australia, as it is the only jurisdiction with a state-based family court) or the supreme court of a state or territory. Western Australia In the Family Court of Western Australia, an online form exists to commence such proceedings which can be downloaded, completed and filed. In the Supreme Court of Western Australia, ei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Law
Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It proscribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and Well-being, welfare of people inclusive of one's self. Most criminal law is established by statute, which is to say that the laws are enacted by a legislature. Criminal law includes the punishment and Rehabilitation (penology), rehabilitation of people who violate such laws. Criminal law varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from Civil law (common law), civil law, where emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compensation, rather than on punishment or Rehabilitation (penology), rehabilitation. Criminal procedure is a formalized official activity that authenticates the fact of commission of a crime and authorizes punitive or rehabilitative treatment of the Criminal, offender. History The first Civilization, civilizations generally did not distinguish between Civil law (area), civil law and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada. With an annual research budget of $893million, UBC funds 9,992 projects annually in various fields of study within the industrial sector, as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations. The Vancouver campus is situated on the University of British Columbia Vancouver, Point Grey campus lands, an unincorporated area next to the City of Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands.Municipalities Enabling and Validating Act (No. 3)', S.B.C. 2001, c. 44. The university is located west of Downtown Vancouver. UBC is also home to TRIUMF, Canada's national Particle physics, particle and nuclear physics laboratory, which boasts the world's largest cyclotron. In addition to the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies and the Stuart B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sandiganbayan
The Sandiganbayan () is a special Appellate court, appellate collegial court in the Philippines that has jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving Graft (politics), graft and corrupt practices and other offenses committed by public officers and employees with a salary grade 27 and up , including those in government-owned and controlled corporations. The special court was established by Presidential Decree No. 1486. It was subsequently modified by Presidential Decree No. 1606 and by Republic Acts 7975, 8249 and 10660. It is equal in rank to the Philippine Court of Appeals, Court of Appeals, and consists of fourteen Associate Justices and one Presiding Justice. The Ombudsman of the Philippines, Office of the Ombudsman owns exclusive authority to bring cases to the Sandiganbayan. The Sandiganbayan is housed in the Centennial Building, Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City, Commonwealth Avenue, National Government Center, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila. History The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crown Law Office
The Crown Law Office (Crown Law; ) is the public service department charged with advising the New Zealand Government on legal affairs, representing the government in appellate cases, and overseeing the prosecution of criminal offences before the courts. Law officers of the Crown The offices of the attorney-general and solicitor-general are the principal legal advisers to the New Zealand Government, and act as the Crown's representatives in court. The attorney-general is by tradition a ministerial position, and is filled by a member of parliament. The solicitor-general, since 1875, is a non-political appointee, and also serves as the chief executive of the Crown Law Office. The positions of attorney-general and solicitor-general were established in England in 1243 and 1461 respectively. The solicitor-general was a sub-ordinate office to the attorney-general. New Zealand has had its own attorney-general since 1841. The position of solicitor-general was not established until ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Zealand
New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of island countries, sixth-largest island country by area and lies east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The Geography of New Zealand, country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps (), owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. Capital of New Zealand, New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland. The islands of New Zealand were the last large habitable land to be settled by humans. Between about 1280 and 1350, Polynesians began to settle in the islands and subsequently developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight and record New Zealand. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
District Court (Ireland)
The District Court () is the lowest court in the Irish court system and the main court of summary jurisdiction in Ireland. It has responsibility for hearing minor criminal matters, small civil claims, liquor licensing, and certain family law applications. It is also responsible for indicting the accused and sending them forward for trial at the Circuit Court and Central Criminal Court. Jurisdiction The District Court is a court of local and limited jurisdiction. The civil jurisdiction is limited to damages not exceeding €15,000; the court has no equitable jurisdiction. The court has the power to renew licences for the sale of intoxicating liquor and grant licences for lotteries. The family jurisdiction of the court includes the power to award guardianship, grant protection or barring orders, and award maintenance of up to €150 a week per child, €500 per week for a spouse or a lump sum up to €15,000. The criminal jurisdiction is limited to summary offences – i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Fine
A civil penalty or civil fine is a financial penalty imposed by a government agency as restitution for wrongdoing. The wrongdoing is typically defined by a codification of legislation, regulations, and decrees. The civil fine is not considered to be a criminal punishment, because it is primarily sought in order to compensate the state for harm done to it, rather than to punish the wrongful conduct. As such, a civil penalty, in itself, will not carry a punishment of imprisonment or other legal penalties. Civil versus criminal penalty If a person were to dump toxic waste in a public park, the state would have the same right to seek to recover the cost of cleaning up the mess as would a private landowner, and to bring the complaint to a court of law, if necessary. Civil penalties occupy a strange place in some legal systems - because they are not criminal penalties, the state need not meet a high burden of proof, such as "beyond a reasonable doubt"; but because the action is brou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White-collar Crime
The term "white-collar crime" refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals, businesses and government professionals. The crimes are believed to be committed by middle- or upper-class individuals for financial gains. It was first defined by the sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation". Typical white-collar crimes could include wage theft, fraud, bribery, Ponzi schemes, insider trading, racketeering, labor racketeering, embezzlement, cybercrime, copyright infringement, money laundering, identity theft, and forgery. White-collar crime overlaps with corporate crime. Definitional issues Modern criminology generally prefers to classify the type of crime and the topic: *By the type of offense, e.g., property crime, Financial crimes, economic crime, and other corporate crimes like environmental law, environmental and health and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Private Attorneys General
A private attorney general or public interest lawyer is an informal term originating in common law jurisdictions for a private attorney who brings a lawsuit claiming it to be in the public interest, i.e., benefiting the general public and not just the plaintiff, on behalf of a citizen or group of citizens. The attorney may, at the equitable discretion of the court, be entitled to recover attorney's fees if they prevail. The rationale behind this principle is to provide extra incentive to private attorneys to pursue suits that may be of benefit to society at large. Private attorney general suits are commonly, though not always, brought as class actions in jurisdictions that permit the certification of class action lawsuits. Origin Historically in English common law, a writ of qui tam was a writ through which private individuals who assist a prosecution can receive for themselves all or part of the damages or financial penalties recovered by the government as a result of the pros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-suit
A non-suit (British English) or nonsuit (American English) is a legal procedure. A plaintiff (or other person bringing a civil action, such as a petitioner) drops his or her suit, under certain circumstances that do not prevent another action being brought later on the same facts. United States In the United States, a ''voluntary nonsuit'' is a motion taken by the plaintiff to release one or more of the defendants from liability. An example would be a plaintiff suing a physician and a hospital for damages resulting from surgical complications. If the plaintiff settles with the physician, the plaintiff would nonsuit the physician (removing him/her from the suit) but maintain action against the hospital and the suit would continue. If the plaintiff later settles with the hospital before trial, the resulting nonsuit would end the case as all defendants have been released. A nonsuit is a right of the plaintiff, but it may be prevented if the defendant has pleaded for affirmative re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juge D'instruction (France)
In French criminal law, the investigation phase (') in a criminal proceeding is the procedure during which an investigating judge () gathers evidence on the commission of an offense and decides whether to refer the persons charged to the trial court. The investigating judge is the first instance of investigation. In the second instance (appeals), the investigating chamber of the French courts of appeal have jurisdiction. They rule on appeals of decisions by the investigating judges and of decisions by the liberty and custody judge (). Background Inquisitorial system In an inquisitorial system, the trial judges (mostly plural in serious crimes) are inquisitors who actively participate in fact-finding public inquiry by questioning defense lawyers, prosecutors, and witnesses. They could even order certain pieces of evidence to be examined if they find presentation by the defense or prosecution to be inadequate. Prior to the case getting to trial, investigating judges partic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
