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Practice Theory
Practice theory (or praxeology, theory of social practices) is a body of social theory within anthropology and sociology that explains society and culture as the result of structure and individual agency. Practice theory emerged in the late 20th century and was first outlined in the work of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. Practice theory developed in reaction to the Structuralist school of thought, developed by social scientists including Claude Lévi-Strauss, who saw human behavior and organization systems as products of innate universal structures that reflect the mental structures of humans. Structuralist theory asserted that these structures governed all human societies. Practice theory is also built on the concept of agency. For practice theorists, the individual agent is an active participant in the formation and reproduction of their social world. History In 1972, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu published ''Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique'' (publish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Praxeology
In philosophy, praxeology or praxiology (; ) is the theory of human Action (philosophy), action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, contrary to Reflex, reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior. French social philosopher Alfred Espinas gave the term its modern meaning, and praxeology was developed independently by two principal groups: the Austrian school, led by Ludwig von Mises, and the Polish school, led by Tadeusz Kotarbiński. Origin and etymology Coinage of the word ''praxeology'' ('':fr:Praxéologie, praxéologie'') is often credited to Louis Bourdeau, the French author of a classification of the sciences, which he published in his ''Théorie des sciences. Plan de science intégrale'' in 1882: However, the term was used at least once previously (with a slight spelling difference), in 1608, by Clemens Timpler in his ''Philosophiae practicae systema methodicum'': It was later mentioned by Robert Flint (theologian), Robert Flint in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault ( , ; ; 15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French History of ideas, historian of ideas and Philosophy, philosopher who was also an author, Literary criticism, literary critic, Activism, political activist, and teacher. Foucault's theories primarily addressed the relationships between Power (social and political), power versus knowledge and liberty, and he analyzed how they are used as a form of social control through multiple institutions. Though often cited as a Structuralism, structuralist and Postmodernism, postmodernist, Foucault rejected these labels and sought to critique authority without limits on himself. His thought has influenced academics within a large number of contrasting areas of study, with this especially including those working in anthropology, communication studies, criminology, cultural studies, feminism, literary theory, psychology, and sociology. His efforts against homophobia and racial prejudice as well as against other Ideology, id ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodore Schatzki
Theodore Schatzki is a professor of philosophy and geography at the University of Kentucky. He has written extensively on practice theory. His work has developed an alternative theory of practice, influenced by Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein, that people do what makes sense for them to do. Early life and education In 1977, Schatzki received his undergraduate degree in applied mathematics at Harvard University. He received degrees in philosophy from Oxford University in 1979 and UC Berkeley in 1982 and again in 1986. Career He has held various academic positions, including senior associate dean in the College of Arts & Sciences, chair of the Department of Philosophy, and co-founder and former co-director of the University of Kentucky's Committee on Social Theory. Schatzki's research focuses on theorizing social life, particularly within the field of practice theory. He has written several books, co-edited multiple volumes, and authored numerous articles on topics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ann B
Anne, alternatively spelled Ann, is a form of the Latin female name Anna. This in turn is a representation of the Hebrew Hannah, which means 'favour' or 'grace'. Related names include Annie and Ana. Anne is sometimes used as a male name in the Netherlands, particularly in the Frisian speaking part (for example, author Anne de Vries). In this incarnation, it is related to Germanic arn-names and means 'eagle'.See entry on "Anne" in th''Behind the Name'' databaseand th"Anne"an"Ane"entries (in Dutch) in the Nederlandse Voornamenbank (Dutch First Names Database) of the Meertens Instituut (23 October 2018). It has also been used for males in France ( Anne de Montmorency) and Scotland (Lord Anne Hamilton). In Ireland the name is used as an anglicized version of Áine. Anne is a common name and the following lists represent a small selection. For a comprehensive list, see instead: . As a feminine name Anne * Saint Anne, Mother of the Virgin Mary * Anne, Queen of Great Britain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communities Of Practice
A community of practice (CoP) is a group of people who "share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly". The concept was first proposed by Cognitive anthropology, cognitive anthropologist Jean Lave and educational theorist Etienne Wenger in their 1991 book ''Situated Learning''. Wenger significantly expanded on this concept in his 1998 book ''Communities of Practice''. A CoP can form around members' shared interests or goals. Through being part of a CoP, the members learn from each other and develop their identities. CoP members can engage with one another in physical settings (for example, in a lunchroom at work, an office, a factory floor), but CoP members are not necessarily co-located. They can form a virtual community of practice (VCoP) where the CoP is primarily located in an online community such as a discussion board, newsgroup, or on a social networking service. Communities of practice have existed for as lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Lave
Jean Lave is a social anthropologist who theorizes learning as changing participation in on-going changing practice. Her lifework challenges conventional theories of learning and education. Education and career Lave received a Bachelor's from Stanford University, and completed her doctorate in social anthropology at Harvard University in 1968. She taught at the University of California, Irvine and is currently a professor emerita of geography at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1988, Lave published her first book, ''Cognition in Practice: Mind, Mathematics and Culture in Everyday Life''. In it, she explores how arithmetic is used outside of school contexts, with implications for sociological understanding of the relationship between cognition, practice, culture, and society. For instance, she shows that grocery shoppers in Orange County, California who could successfully do the mathematics needed for comparison shopping were less able to do the same mathematics when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judith Butler
Judith Pamela Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American feminist philosopher and gender studies scholar whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics, and the fields of third-wave feminism, queer theory, and literary theory. In 1993, Butler joined the faculty in the Department of Rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley, where they became the Maxine Elliot Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature and the Program in Critical Theory in 1998. They also hold the Hannah Arendt Chair at the European Graduate School (EGS). Butler is best known for their books ''Gender Trouble, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity'' (1990) and ''Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex'' (1993), in which they challenge conventional, heteronormative notions of gender and develop their theory of gender performativity. This theory has had a major influence on feminist and queer scholarship. Their work is often studied and debated in film ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gender Theory
Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. Gender studies originated in the field of women's studies, concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. The field now overlaps with queer studies and men's studies. Its rise to prominence, especially in Western universities after 1990, coincided with the rise of deconstruction. Disciplines that frequently contribute to gender studies include the fields of literature, linguistics, human geography, history, political science, archaeology, economics, sociology, psychology, anthropology, film theory, cinema, musicology, media studies, Human development (economics), human development, law, public health, and medicine. Gender studies also analyzes how race (human categorization), race, ethnicity, location, social class, nationality, and disability intersectionality, intersect with the categories of gender and sexuality.Healey, J. F. (2003). ''Race, Ethnicity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duality Of Structure
Duality of structure is one of Anthony Giddens' coined phrases and main propositions in his explanation of structuration theory. Description The basis of the duality lies in the relationship the agency (sociology), agency has with the social structure, structure. In the duality, the agency has much more influence on its lived environment than past structuralist theory had granted. The key to Giddens' explanation is his focus on the knowledgeability of the agent and the fact that the agency cannot exist or be analysed separately from its structure. They can only exist as a duality. The structural properties which he calls modalities (sociology), modalities help illustrate the dimensions of the duality. "By the duality of structure I mean that the structural properties of social systems are both the medium and the outcome of the practices that constitute those systems." The structure has both social norm, rules and resources or constraints and enabling qualities. Language is ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structuration
The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based on the analysis of both ''structure'' and '' agents'' (see structure and agency), without giving primacy to either. Furthermore, in structuration theory, neither micro- nor macro-focused analysis alone is sufficient. The theory was proposed by sociologist Georges Gurvitch and later refined by Anthony Giddens, most significantly in ''The Constitution of Society'', which examines phenomenology, hermeneutics, and social practices at the inseparable intersection of structures and agents. Its proponents have adopted and expanded this balanced position.Stones, R. (2005). ''Structuration theory.'' New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Though the theory has received much criticism, it remains a pillar of contemporary sociological theory.Bryant, C.G.A., & Jary, D. (1991). Coming to terms with Anthony Giddens. In C.G.A. Bryant & D. Jary (Eds.), ''Giddens' theory of str ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sherry Ortner
Sherry Beth Ortner (born September 19, 1941) is an American cultural anthropologist. She is a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology (Emerita) at UCLA. Ortner is known for her contributions to social theory and feminist theory, as well as for her ethnographic work in Nepal and the U.S. Her work has been widely translated and she has received numerous awards. Life and career Ortner grew up in a middle-class Jewish family of Eastern European descent in Newark, New Jersey. She is married to Timothy D. Taylor an ethnomusicologist and musicologist also at UCLA. She has a daughter from a previous marriage. Ortner graduated from Weequahic High School in 1958.Neatby, Nicole"Sherry B. Ortner, New Jersey Dreaming: Capital, Culture, and the Class of '58." '' Labour/Le Travail'', March 22, 2005. Accessed July 8, 2008. "SHERRY ORTNER is a respected anthropologist who has turned her attention away from Sherpas in Nepal to the Class of '58 Weequahic high school in Newark, New Jersey, the hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
