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Politically Black
The notion of "political blackness" arose in the United Kingdom in the 1970s, advocating for "black" as an umbrella term to refer to all people in the UK who were likely to experience discrimination based on skin colour; i.e., anyone who was not white. History Following increased immigration to the United Kingdom after the Second World War, most non-white immigrants were designated as "coloured". The notion of "political blackness" became a popular concept from the 1970s onwards, but began to fall out of favour by the early 1990s. Although seen as an important frame of reference in Britain in linking prejudice against British Asian and Black British people (especially British African-Caribbean people), its applicability was criticised by some as an imposition not allowing for specific British Asian or Black British prides, or implying that the situation of Asian and Black African-Caribbean British people were the same. Responses In 2016, students of the University of Kent crit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbrella Term
Hypernymy and hyponymy are the wikt:Wiktionary:Semantic relations, semantic relations between a generic term (''hypernym'') and a more specific term (''hyponym''). The hypernym is also called a ''supertype'', ''umbrella term'', or ''blanket term''. The hyponym names a subset, subtype of the hypernym. The semantic field of the hyponym is included within that of the hypernym. For example, "pigeon", "crow", and "hen" are all hyponyms of "bird" and "animal"; "bird" and "animal" are both hypernyms of "pigeon", "crow", and "hen". A core concept of hyponymy is ''type of'', whereas ''instance of'' is differentiable. For example, for the noun "city", a hyponym (naming a type of city) is "capital city" or "capital", whereas "Paris" and "London" are instances of a city, not types of city. Discussion In linguistics, semantics, general semantics, and ontology components, ontologies, hyponymy () shows the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Black Vote
Operation Black Vote (OBV) is a British Independent (politician), non-partisan and not-for-profit, nonprofit national organisation established in 1996, which addresses the Black British and ethnic minority democratic deficit. OBV uses Voter registration campaign, voter registration campaigns in minority ethnic communities, and encourages community engagement in minority ethnic communities to address supposed racial inequalities in areas including education, health, and employment. The current director of the OBV is Simon Woolley. Background Between 1994 and 1996, Black communities were subject to severe Social pressure, social and political pressure. The New York City, New York-based Human Rights Watch identified United Kingdom, Britain as the country with the highest incidence of racial attacks in Europe. Research at Southampton University by law professor Lawrence Lustgarden showed that Britain jails more Black people per head of population than the USA. In early 1996, with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Discrimination In The United Kingdom
Discrimination is the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong, such as race, gender, age, class, religion, or sexual orientation. Discrimination typically leads to groups being unfairly treated on the basis of perceived statuses based on ethnic, racial, gender or religious categories. It involves depriving members of one group of opportunities or privileges that are available to members of another group. Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices and laws exist in many countries and institutions in all parts of the world, including some, where such discrimination is generally decried. In some places, countervailing measures such as quotas have been used to redress the balance in favor of those who are believed to be current or past victims of discrimination. These attempts have often been met with controversy, and sometimes been called reve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Discrimination Based On Skin Tone
Discrimination based on skin tone, also known as colorism or shadeism, is a form of prejudice and discrimination in which individuals of the same race receive benefits or disadvantages based on the color of their skin. More specifcally, colorism is the process of discrimination marginalizes darker-skinned people over their lighter-skinned counter parts. Historically, colorism on a global scale has colonial roots, ranging from early class hierarchies in Asia to it's impact on Latinos and African Americans through European colonialism and slavery in the Americas. Colorism focuses on how racism is expressed in the psychology of a people and how it affects their concepts of beauty, wealth, and privilege. A key difference between racism and colorism is that while racism deals with the subjugation of one group by another or the belief in racial supremacy, colorism deals with in-group discrimination in addition to between-group discrimination. Research has uncovered extensive evidence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black British History
Black British people or Black Britons"Black Briton, N." ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Oxford UP. December 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1136579918. are a multi-ethnic group of British people of List of ethnic groups of Africa, Sub-Saharan African or Afro-Caribbean people, Afro-Caribbean descent.Gadsby, Meredith (2006), ''Sucking Salt: Caribbean Women Writers, Migration, and Survival'', University of Missouri Press, pp. 76–77. The term ''Black British'' developed during the 1960s,"Black British, N. & Adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Oxford UP. December 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2659161428. referring to Black British people from the former British West Indies (sometimes called the Windrush Generation), and from Africa. The term ''black'' has historically had a number of applications as a Political blackness, racial and political label. It may also be used in a wider sociopolitical context to encompass a broader range of non-European minority group, ethnic minori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1970s Establishments In The United Kingdom
Year 197 ( CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magius and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 950 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 197 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * February 19 – Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats the self-proclaimed emperor Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). Albinus commits suicide; legionaries sack the town. * Septimius Severus returns to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius. * Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificial canal between the Tigris a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whiteness Studies
Whiteness studies is the study of the structures that produce white privilege, the examination of what whiteness is when analyzed as a race, a culture, and a source of systemic racism, and the exploration of other social phenomena generated by the societal compositions, perceptions and group behaviors of white people. It is an interdisciplinary arena of inquiry that has developed beginning in the United States from white trash studies and critical race studies, particularly since the late 20th century. It is focused on what proponents describe as the cultural, historical and sociological aspects of people identified as white, and the social construction of "whiteness" as an ideology tied to social status. Pioneers in the field include W. E. B. Du Bois ("Jefferson Davis as a Representative of Civilization", 1890; '' Darkwater'', 1920), James Baldwin ('' The Fire Next Time'', 1963), Theodore W. Allen (''The Invention of the White Race,'' 1976, expanded in 1995), historian Da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Majority
"Global majority" is a collective term for people of African, Asian, indigenous, Latin American, or mixed-heritage backgrounds, who constitute approximately 85 percent of the global population. It has been used as an alternative to terms which are seen as racialized like "ethnic minority" and "person of color" (POC), or more regional terms like "visible minority" in Canada and "Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic" (BAME) in the United Kingdom. It roughly corresponds to people whose heritage can be traced back to nations of the Global South. Terminology The term was used as early as 2003 as a way to challenge the normativity of a white majority or Eurocentric perspective, through Rosemary Campbell-Stephens' work on leadership preparation within the school sector. Its proponents argue that terms like "ethnic minority" marginalize the skills, the ways of thinking, and the lived experiences of those from African, Asian, indigenous, Latin American, or mixed-heritage backgrounds. Collec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black, Asian And Minority Ethnic
A number of different systems of classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom exist. These schemata have been the subject of debate, including about the nature of ethnicity, how or whether it can be categorised, and the relationship between ethnicity, race, and nationality. National statistics History and debate The 1991 UK census was the first to include a question on ethnicity. Field trials had started in 1975 to establish whether a question could be devised that was acceptable to the public and would provide information on race or ethnicity that would be more reliable than questions about an individual's (and their parents') birthplaces (or nationality if born abroad) - which is what the census had asked for until this point. A number of different questions and answer classifications were suggested and tested, culminating in the April 1989 census test. The question used in the later 1991 census was similar to that tested in 1989, and took the same format on the cens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racial Classification Of Indian Americans
The racial classification of Indian Americans has varied over the years and across institutions.Harpalani, Vinay, DesiCrit: Theorizing the Racial Ambiguity of South Asian Americans (August 12, 2013). 69 NYU Annual Survey of American Law 77 (2013); Chicago-Kent College of Law Research Paper No. 2013-30. pp. 123, 124 & 136. Available at SSRNlink/ref> Originally, neither the courts nor the census bureau classified Indian Americans as a race because there were only negligible numbers of Indian immigrants in the United States. Early Indian Americans were often denied their civil rights, leading to close affiliations with African Americans. For most of America's early history, the government only recognized two racial classifications, ''white'' or ''colored''. Due to immigration laws of the time, those deemed ''colored'' were often stripped of their American citizenship or denied the ability to become citizens. For these reasons, various South Asians in America took the government to co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Person Of Colour
The term "person of color" (: people of color or persons of color; abbreviated POC) is used to describe any person who is not considered "white". In its current meaning, the term originated in, and is associated with, the United States. From the 2010s, however, it has been adopted elsewhere in the Anglosphere (often as person of colour), including relatively limited usage in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and South Africa. In the United States, the term is involved in the various definitions of non-whiteness, including African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Pacific Islander Americans, multiracial Americans, and some Latino Americans, though members of these communities may prefer to view themselves through their cultural identities rather than color-related terminology. The term, as used in the United States, emphasizes common experiences of systemic racism, which some communities have faced. The term may also be used with other collective categ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Union Of Students Black Students' Campaign
The National Union of Students Black Students' Campaign is a self-organised autonomous section of the National Union of Students (NUS). The NUS Black Students' Campaign represents students of African, Asian, Arab and Caribbean heritage. Priority Campaigns The National Union of Students Black Students' Campaign sets it policy at its annual democratic event, the Black Students' Campaign Summer Conference. The four priority areas for the Campaign are Black Representation, Anti-Racism and Anti-Fascism, Equality in Education and International Peace and Justice. National Committee Members Committee Members are elected representatives that help form the leadership of the Campaign and help implement policy. There are seventeen positions on the committee, elections for each position take place annually at the Summer Conference. It is only possible to occupy any one position for a maximum of two years. Each position holds one vote on the National Committee. The NUS Black Student ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
