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Pochvennichestvo
''Pochvennichestvo'' ( ; rus, почвенничество, p=ˈpot͡ɕvʲɪnnʲɪt͡ɕɪstvə, roughly "return to the native soil", from wikt:почва#Russian, почва "soil") was a late 19th-century movement in Russia that tied in closely with its contemporary ideology, Slavophilia. History The Slavophiles and the ''Pochvennichestvo'' supported the complete Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, emancipation of serfdom , serfs, stressed a strong desire to return to the idealised past of Russian history, and opposed Europeanization. They also advocated a complete rejection of the nihilist movement, nihilist, classical liberalism, classical liberal and Marxist movements of the time. They laid a primary focus on changing Russian society by the humbling of the self and on social reform through the Russian Orthodox Church, rather than through the radical programs of (for example) the Westernizer intelligentsia. The Slavophiles and the ''Pochvennichestvo'' differed in that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, And Nationality
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (; Transliteration, transliterated: Pravoslávie, samoderzhávie, naródnost'), also known as Official Nationalism,Riasanovsky, p. 132 was the dominant Imperial ideological doctrine of Russian Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas I. The doctrine sought Imperial unity under Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christianity and the absolute authority of the Emperor, while suppressing ideas deemed destructive to that unity. It followed a broader European reactionary trend that sought to restore and defend political institutions that were overthrown in the Napoleonic Wars.Riasanovsky, p.133 "The Triad" of Official Nationality was originally proposed by Minister of Education Sergey Uvarov in his 2 April 1833, circular letter to subordinate educators.Hosking, p. 146 It was soon embraced by Nicholas and his establishment and gained wide public recognition, vocally supported by intellectuals like Mikhail Pogodin,Riasanovsky, pp. 138–39 Fyodor Tyutch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demons (Dostoyevsky Novel)
''Demons'' (, ; sometimes also called ''The Possessed'' or ''The Devils'') is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky, first published in the journal '' The Russian Messenger'' in 1871–72. It is considered one of the four masterworks written by Dostoevsky after his return from Siberian exile, along with ''Crime and Punishment'' (1866), ''The Idiot'' (1869), and '' The Brothers Karamazov'' (1880). ''Demons'' is a social and political satire, a psychological drama, and large-scale tragedy. Joyce Carol Oates has described it as "Dostoevsky's most confused and violent novel, and his most satisfactorily 'tragic' work." According to Ronald Hingley, it is Dostoevsky's "greatest onslaught on Nihilism", and "one of humanity's most impressive achievements—perhaps even its supreme achievement—in the art of prose fiction." ''Demons'' is an allegory of the potentially catastrophic consequences of the political and moral nihilism that were becoming prevalent in Russia in the 1860s. A fictional town ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both Russian literature, Russian and world literature, and many of his works are considered highly influential Masterpiece, masterpieces. Dostoevsky's literary works explore the human condition in the troubled political, social and spiritual atmospheres of Russian Empire, 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include ''Crime and Punishment'' (1866), ''The Idiot'' (1869), Demons (Dostoevsky novel), ''Demons'' (1872), ''The Adolescent'' (1875) and ''The Brothers Karamazov'' (1880). His ''Notes from Underground'', a novella published in 1864, is considered one of the first works of existentialism, existentialist literature. Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends and through books by Ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konstantin Leontyev
Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev, monastic name: Clement (; 25 January 1831 – 24 November 1891) was a conservative tsarist and imperial monarchist Russian philosopher who advocated closer cultural ties between Russia and the East against what he believed to be the West's catastrophic egalitarian, utilitarian and revolutionary influences. He also advocated Russia's cultural and territorial expansion eastward to India, Tibet and China. Life Leontiev was born and grew up on his father's estate in , Kaluga Governorate. His father, a nobleman, was a military officer but was discharged for "riotous behaviour". Still, the intervention of the Russian empress in behalf of the Leontiev brothers made him able to enter the Imperial Corps of Pages. He was engaged at 23 but broke off the relationship for the sake of "freedom and art" – a decision that made things difficult for him. After completing medical school in Moscow, Leontiev saw service as a doctor during the Crimean War. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolay Danilevsky
Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky (; – ) was a Russian naturalist, economist, ethnologist, philosopher, historian and ideologue of pan-Slavism and the Slavophile movement. He expounded a circular view of world history. He is remembered also for his opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and for his theory of historical-cultural types. Life Danilevsky was born in the village of Oberets in Oryol Governorate. As a member of a noble family, he was educated at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. After graduation, he went on to an appointment with the Military Ministry Office. Dissatisfied with the prospect of a military career, he began to attend the University of St Petersburg, where he studied physics and mathematics. Having passed his master's exams, Danilevsky prepared to defend his thesis on the flora of the Black Sea area of European Russia but in 1849 he was arrested there for his membership in the Petrashevsky Circle, which studied the work of French socialists a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolay Strakhov
Nikolay Nikolayevich Strakhov, also transliterated as ''Nikolai Strahov'' (; 16 October 1828 – 24 January 1896) was a Russian philosopher, publicist, journalist and literary critic. He shared the ideals of Pochvennichestvo and was a longtime friend and correspondent of Leo Tolstoy. Strakhov was born in Belgorod, Kursk Governorate in a priest family. After leaving St Petersburg University (unable to afford the fees), in 1851 Strakhov graduated from Saint Petersburg's Main Pedagogical Institute, after which he taught for one year in Odessa, followed by nine years' teaching at a gymnasium in Saint Petersburg. In 1861, Strakhov became a prominent publicist and literary critic. Strakhov worked on the literary journals ''Time'' and ''Epoch'' together with Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Apollon Grigoryev. He became one of the very few close friends of Leo Tolstoy. In the 1870s Nikolay Strakhov wrote his most famous philosophical work ''World as a Whole'' and was among the first (if not the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apollon Grigoryev
Apollon Aleksandrovich Grigoryev ( rus, Аполло́н Алекса́ндрович Григо́рьев, p=ɐpɐˈlon ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪf, a=Apollon Alyeksandrovich Grigor'yev.ru.vorb.oga; 20 July 1822 – 7 October 1864) was a Russian poet, literary and theatrical critic, translator, memoirist and author of popular Russian art song, art songs. Life Grigoryev was born in Moscow, where his father was secretary to the city magistrate. He was educated at home, and studied at Imperial Moscow University. Literary career Several of Grigoryev's poems were published in ''Otechestvennye Zapiski'' in 1845, followed by a number of short verses, critical articles, theatrical reviews and translations in ''Repertuar and Pantheon''. In 1846, Grigoryev published a poorly received book of poetry; He subsequently wrote little original poetry, focusing instead on translating works by Shakespeare (''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', ''The Merchant of Venice'', ''Romeo and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moskvityanin
''Moskvityanin'' (Москвитянин, "The Muscovite") was a monthly literary review published by Mikhail Pogodin in Moscow between 1841 and 1856., , , , It was the mouthpiece of the Official Nationality theory espoused by Count Sergey Uvarov. The literary section was edited by Stepan Shevyrev. Gogol's novella ''Rome'' was first printed in ''Moskvityanin'', as were many Slavophile papers. In 1850 the magazine was taken over by a young generation of Slavophiles which included Apollon Grigoryev Apollon Aleksandrovich Grigoryev ( rus, Аполло́н Алекса́ндрович Григо́рьев, p=ɐpɐˈlon ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪf, a=Apollon Alyeksandrovich Grigor'yev.ru.vorb.oga; 20 July 1822 – 7 Octobe .... Their object of adulation was Alexander Ostrovsky. The frequency of the magazine switched from monthly to biweekly in 1849. References 1841 establishments in the Russian Empire 1856 disestablishments in the Russian Empire Bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was a European intellectual and philosophical movement active from the late 17th to early 19th century. Chiefly valuing knowledge gained through rationalism and empiricism, the Enlightenment was concerned with a wide range of social and political ideals such as natural law, liberty, and progress, toleration and fraternity, constitutional government, and the formal separation of church and state. The Enlightenment was preceded by and overlapped the Scientific Revolution, which included the work of Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Pierre Gassendi, Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton, among others, as well as the philosophy of Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and John Locke. The dating of the period of the beginning of the Enlightenment can be attributed to the publication of René Descartes' ''Discourse on the Method'' in 1637, with his method of systematically disbelieving everything ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universalism (other)
Universalism refers to religious, theological, and philosophical concepts with universal application or applicability. Universalists may emphasise the universal principles of most religions. Universalism may also refer to: Religion * Unitarian Universalism * Universalism, a theological and philosophical concept that some ideas have universal application or applicability * Universism, a religion created by Vidkun Quisling * Christian universalism is a school of Christian theology which includes the belief in the doctrine of universal reconciliation. ** History of Christian universalism is the doctrine that all sinful and alienated human souls will ultimately be reconciled to God. ** List of Christian universalists ** Trinitarian universalism is a variant of belief in universal reconciliation, the belief that every person will be saved, that also held the Christian belief in Trinitarianism. * An American denomination that merged into Unitarian Universalism Philosophy * Univers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder ( ; ; 25 August 174418 December 1803) was a Prussian philosopher, theologian, pastor, poet, and literary critic. Herder is associated with the Age of Enlightenment, ''Sturm und Drang'', and Weimar Classicism. He was a Romantic philosopher and poet who argued that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (''das Volk''). He also stated that it was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (''der Volksgeist'') was popularized. He is credited with establishing or advancing a number of important disciplines: hermeneutics, linguistics, anthropology, and "a secular philosophy of history." Biography Born in Mohrungen (now Morąg, Poland) in the Kingdom of Prussia, his parents were teacher Gottfried Herder (1706–1763) and his second wife Anna Elizabeth Herder, nee Peltz (1717–1772) grew up in a poor household, educating himself from his father's Bible and songbook. In 1762, as a yout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
