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Pleaching
Pleaching or plashing is a technique of interweaving living and dead branches through a hedge creating a fence, hedge or lattices. Trees are planted in lines, and the branches are woven together to strengthen and fill any weak spots until the hedge thickens. Branches in close contact may grow together, due to a natural phenomenon called inosculation, a natural graft. Pleach also means weaving of thin, whippy stems of trees to form a basketry effect. History Pleaching or plashing (an early synonym) was common in gardens from late medieval times to the early eighteenth century, to create shaded paths, or to create a living fence out of trees or shrubs. Commonly deciduous trees were used by planting them in lines. The canopy was pruned into flat planes with the lower branches removed leaving the stems below clear. This craft had been developed by European farmers who used it to make their hedge rows more secure. Julius Caesar (circa 60 B.C.) states that the Gallic tribe of Nervii ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tree Shaping
Tree shaping (also known by several other alternative names) uses living trees and other woody plants as the medium to create structures and art. There are a few different methods used by the various artists to shape their trees, which share a common heritage with other artistic horticultural and agricultural practices, such as pleaching, bonsai, espalier, and topiary, and employing some similar techniques. Most artists use grafting to deliberately induce the inosculation of living trunks, branches, and roots, into artistic designs or functional structures. Tree shaping has been practiced for at least several hundred years, as demonstrated by the living root bridges built and maintained by the Khasi people of India. Early 20th century practitioners and artisans included banker John Krubsack, Axel Erlandson with his famous circus trees, and landscape engineer Arthur Wiechula. Several contemporary designers also produce tree shaping projects. History Some species of tree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Espalier
Espalier ( or ) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit, by pruning and tying branches to a frame. Plants are frequently shaped in formal patterns, flat against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis, and also plants which have been shaped in this way. Espaliers, trained into flat two-dimensional forms, are used not only for decorative purposes, but also for gardens in which space is limited. In a temperate climate, espaliers may be trained next to a wall that can reflect more sunlight and retain heat overnight or orientated so that they absorb maximum sunlight by training them parallel to the equator. These two strategies allow the season to be extended so that fruit has more time to mature. A restricted form of training consists of a central stem and a number of paired horizontal branches all trained in the same plane. The most important advantage is that of being able to increase the growth of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inosculation
Inosculation is a natural phenomenon in which trunks, branches or roots of two trees grow together in a manner biologically similar to the artificial process of grafting. The term is derived from the Latin roots ''in'' + '' ōsculārī'', "to kiss into/inward/against" or etymologically and more illustratively "to make a small mouth inward/into/against"; trees having undergone the process are referred to in forestry as gemels, from the Latin word meaning "a pair". It is most common for branches of two trees of the same species to grow together, though inosculation may be noted across related species. The branches first grow separately in proximity to each other until they touch. At this point, the bark on the touching surfaces is gradually abraded away as the trees move in the wind. Once the cambium of two trees touches, they sometimes self-graft and grow together as they expand in diameter. Inosculation customarily results when tree limbs are braided or pleached. The term ''i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Espalier
Espalier ( or ) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit, by pruning and tying branches to a frame. Plants are frequently shaped in formal patterns, flat against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis, and also plants which have been shaped in this way. Espaliers, trained into flat two-dimensional forms, are used not only for decorative purposes, but also for gardens in which space is limited. In a temperate climate, espaliers may be trained next to a wall that can reflect more sunlight and retain heat overnight or orientated so that they absorb maximum sunlight by training them parallel to the equator. These two strategies allow the season to be extended so that fruit has more time to mature. A restricted form of training consists of a central stem and a number of paired horizontal branches all trained in the same plane. The most important advantage is that of being able to increase the growth of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nervii
The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgic tribes of northern Gaul at the time of its conquest by Rome. Their territory corresponds to the central part of modern Belgium, including Brussels, and stretched southwards into French Hainault. During their first century BC Roman military campaign, Julius Caesar's contacts among the Remi stated that the Nervii were the most warlike of the Belgae. In times of war, they were known to trek long distances to take part in battles. Being one of the distant northern Belgic tribes, with the Menapii to the west, and the Eburones to their east, they were considered by Caesar to be relatively uncorrupted by civilization. Name They are mentioned as ''Nervii'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Orosius (early fifth c. AD), ''Neroúioi'' (Νερούιοι) by Strabo (early first c. AD), ''Nerui'' by Pliny (1st c. AD) and the '' Notitia Dignitatum'' (5th c. AD), ''Nervios'' by Tacitus (early second c. AD), and as ''Neroúsioi'' (Νερούσ� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hedge Laying
Hedgelaying (or hedge laying) is a countryside skill that has been practised for centuries, mainly in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with many regional variations in style and technique. Hedgelaying is the process of partially cutting through and then bending the stems of a line of shrubs or small trees, near ground level, without breaking them, so as to encourage them to produce new growth from the base and create a living ‘stock proof fence’. The first description of hedgelaying is in Julius Caesar's '' Commentaries on the Gallic War'', when his army was inconvenienced by thick woven hedges during the Battle of the Sabis in Belgium. Hedgelaying developed as a way of containing livestock in fields, particularly after the acts of enclosure which, in England, began in the 16th century. Today hedges are laid to contain livestock without the need for artificial fences, maintain biodiversity-friendly habitats, promote traditional skills and because of the pleasing visual effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fab Tree Hab
The Fab Tree Hab is a hypothetical ecological home design developed at MIT by Mitchell Joachim, Javier Arbona and Lara Greden. With the idea of easing the burden humanity places on the environment with conventional housing by growing "living, breathing" tree homes. It would be built by allowing native trees to grow over a computer-designed (CNC) removable plywood scaffold. Once the plants are interconnected and stable, the plywood would be removed and reused. MIT is experimenting with trees that grow quickly and develop an interwoven root structure that's soft enough to "train" over the scaffold, but then hardens into a more durable structure. The inside walls would be conventional clay and plaster. An old methodology new to buildings is introduced in this design: pleaching. Pleaching is a method of weaving together tree branches to form living archways, lattices, or screens. The technique is also named " aeroponic culture". The load-bearing part of the structure uses trees t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Reames
Richard C. Reames (born September 20, 1957) is an American artist, arborsculptor, nurseryman, writer, and public speaker. He lives and works in Williams, Oregon. He sometimes teaches at the John C. Campbell Folk School. Reames coined the word "arborsculpture" to describe the art of shaping living tree trunks and woody plants into sculptural forms, furniture and shelters. His writing and artistic practice are grounded in ecological principles of living in harmony with nature and with creating living structures from trees. He has written two books on arborsculpture and tree shaping. Reames' work has been exhibited at the World Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan. Biography Richard Reames was born in 1957. He grew up near Santa Cruz, California, which is within 10 miles of Axel Erlandson’s famed "Circus Trees," known at that time as ''The Lost World,'' a mid-century roadside attraction. Reames's mother showed him the value of working with nature including vegetable gardening. Ream ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hedging Competition (3) - Geograph
A hedge is a line of closely spaced shrubs planted to act as a barrier or boundary. Hedge or Hedges may also refer to: Places * Hedges, California, a former mining town in Imperial County, California, United States * Hedging, Somerset, a location in England * Hedges, Washington, unincorporated community in Benton County, Washington, United States * The Hedges, a historic building in New York state People and fictional characters * Hedge (surname), a surname (including a list of people and fictional characters) * Hedges (surname), a surname (including a list of people and fictional characters) * Hedge Thompson (1780–1828), American politician from New Jersey * Hedges Eyre Chatterton (1819-1910), Irish politician * Hedges Worthington-Eyre (1899–1979), British sprinter * Hedge (character), a fictional character in the ''Old Kingdom'' series of novels Other uses * Hedge (finance), an investment made to limit loss ** Hedge fund, a type of investment fund * Hedge (lingui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kew Palace
Kew Palace is a British royal palace within the grounds of Kew Gardens on the banks of the River Thames. Originally a large complex, few elements of it survive. Dating to 1631 but built atop the undercroft of an earlier building, the main survivor is known as the Dutch House. Its royal occupation lasted from around 1728 until 1818, with a final short-lived occupation in 1844. The Dutch House is Grade I listed, and open to visitors. It is cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces, which receives no funding from the government or the Crown. Alongside the Dutch House is a part of its 18th-century service wing, whilst nearby are a former housekeeper's cottage, brewhouse and kitchen block – most of these buildings are private, though the kitchens are open to the public. These kitchens and Queen Charlotte's Cottage are also run by Historic Royal Palaces. History Fortreys and Capels Beneath the Dutch House is the undercroft of a 16th-century building. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rubens House
The Rubenshuis () is the former home and workshop of Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) in Antwerp. Purchased in 1610, Rubens had the Flemish townhouse renovated and extended on the basis of designs by Rubens himself. After the renovations, the house and its courtyard garden had the outlook of an Italian ''palazzo'', which reflected the artistic ideals of Rubens. The ensemble is now a museum dedicated mainly to the work of Rubens and his contemporaries. Rubens's house during his lifetime A year after marrying Isabella Brant in 1609, Rubens began construction of an Italian-style villa on the then-Vaartstraat (now the Wapper, 9–11), at the time located at the banks of the Herentalse Vaart canal. Rubens designed the building himself, based on studies of Italian Renaissance palace architecture that also formed the basis of his ''Palazzi di Genova''. The layout included his home, studio, a monumental portico and an interior courtyard. The courtyard opens into a Baroque garden that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Axel Erlandson
Axel Erlandson (December 15, 1884 – April 28, 1964) was a Swedish American farmer who tree shaping, shaped trees as a hobby, and opened a horticultural attraction in 1947 called "The Tree Circus", advertised with the slogan "See the World's Strangest Trees Here". The trees appeared in the column of Robert ''Ripley's Believe It or Not!'' twelve times. Erlandson sold his attraction shortly before his death. The trees were moved to Gilroy Gardens in 1985. Biography Erlandson was born in 1884, in Halland, Sweden, to Alfred Erlandson (1850–1915) and Kristina Larsson (1844–1922). He had two older brothers, Ludwig (1879–1957) and Anthon (1881–1970), and one younger sister, Emma Swanson (1886–1969). The family emigrated to the United States in early 1886, settling in New Folden Township, Marshall County, Minnesota, where his father farmed and built barns, homes, and churches. His family also ran a limestone kiln, producing quicklime for mortar (masonry), mortar, plaster, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
