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Plan Calcul
Plan Calcul was a French governmental program to promote a national or European computer industry and associated research and education activities. History The plan was approved in July 1966 by President Charles de Gaulle, in the aftermath of two key events that made his government worry about French dependence on the US computer industry. In the mid-1960s, the United States denied export licenses for American-made IBM and CDC computers to the French Commissariat à l'énergie atomique in order to prevent it from perfecting its H bomb. Meanwhile, in 1964, General Electric had acquired a majority of Compagnie des Machines Bull, the largest French computer manufacturer, which had the second highest market share in France, after IBM, and was a leading IT equipment maker in Europe. Following this partial takeover, known as "Affaire Bull", GE-Bull dropped two Bull computers from its product line. Responsibility for administering the plan was given to a newly created government agenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer
A computer is a machine that can be Computer programming, programmed to automatically Execution (computing), carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (''computation''). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as Computer program, ''programs'', which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally complete computer that includes the Computer hardware, hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation; or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. A broad range of Programmable logic controller, industrial and Consumer electronics, consumer products use computers as control systems, including simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, and factory devices like industrial robots. Computers are at the core of general-purpose devices ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitra 15
The Mitra 15 is a minicomputer made by the French company Compagnie internationale pour l'informatique, CII under Plan Calcul, along with the CII Iris 50, Iris 50 and CII Iris 80, Iris 80 mainframe computers. It was marketed from 1971 to 1985 and could function in conjunction with large systems. CII manufactured a thousand Mitra 15 machines until 1975 in its Toulouse factory, then in Crolles in the suburbs of Grenoble. A total of 7,929 units were built, most of them for the French market, with a small number sold in Australia, Indonesia, and in other European countries. History The Mitra 15 is the successor to the CII 10010, also called Iris 10, a 16-bit minicomputer released in July 1967. At the time, CII also produced another 16-bit minicomputer, the CII 10020 (actually a licensed Sigma 3 from SDS) and wanted to replace them both with a new, more powerful design compatible with the latest offering of the company. The Mitra 15 was designed from the outset to complement and network ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1966 In France
Events from the year 1966 in France. Incumbents * President: Charles de Gaulle * Prime Minister: Georges Pompidou Events *4 January – Feyzin disaster: a gas leak and fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near Lyon kills 18 and injures 84. *10 January – ''L'Express'' publishes allegations by secret agent Georges Figon, who took part in the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka. *18 January – Police announce that Georges Figon committed suicide prior to his arrest for his part in the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka. *7 March – Charles de Gaulle asks U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson for negotiations about the state of NATO equipment in France. *11 March – President Charles de Gaulle states that French troops will be taken out of NATO and that all French NATO bases and headquarters must be closed within a year. *17 June – An Air France personnel strike begins. *20 June – President Charles de Gaulle starts a visit to the Soviet Union. *30 June – France formally leaves the military ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science And Technology In France
Science and technology in France has a long history dating back to the Académie des Sciences, founded by Louis XIV in 1666, at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. France's achievements in science and technology have been significant throughout the past centuries as France's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady along the 18th and 19th centuries. Research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy. Scientific research in the country is supported by industry, by the network of French universities and by higher education establishments outside the main framework, Grandes écoles. France ranked 12nd in the 2024 Global Innovation Index, compared to 16th in 2019. Historical overview The tradition of scientific research in France can be traced back to the Scientific Revolution. France is home to some of the world's oldest universities (Montpellier, Paris) alt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics Of France
The politics of France take place within the framework of a semi-presidential systems, semi-presidential system determined by the Constitution of France, French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, laïcité, secular, Democracy, democratic, and social Republic". The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France's "attachment to the Human rights, Rights of Man and the principles of National Sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789". The political system of France consists of an executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judicial branch. Executive power is exercised by the President of France, president of the republic and the Government of France, Government. The Government consists of the Prime Minister of France, prime minister and ministers. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and is responsible to Parliament. The Government of France, government, including the prime mini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Computing In France
History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term ''history'' refers not to an academic field but to the past itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past. Historical research relies on primary and secondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations. Source criticism is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France Culture
France Culture () is a French public radio channel and part of Radio France Radio France () is the French national public radio broadcaster. Stations Radio France offers seven national networks: *France Inter — Radio France's "generalist media, generalist" station, featuring entertaining and informative talk mixed wi .... Its programming encompasses various features on historical, philosophical, sociopolitical, and scientific themes (including debates, discussions, and exciting documentaries), as well as literary readings, radio plays, and experimental productions. The channel is broadcast nationwide on FM and is also available online. Some landmark programmes * ''Atelier de création radiophonique'' (since 1969) * ''Black and Blue'' (1970–2008) * ''Le Bon plaisir'' (1985–1999) * ''Le Panorama'' (since 1968) * ''Les Chemins de la connaissance'' (1970–1997) * ''Les Chemins de la musique'' (1997–2004) * ''Du jour au lendemain'' (1985–2014) * ''La Matinée des autr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cloudwatt
Cloudwatt was a core initiative of Project Andromède, one of France's periodic attempts at building a local computer industry. Project Andromède was announced in 2009 as a governmental desire for French-controlled cloud computing, with the goal of spending €285 million (US $338 million) in "''cloud souverain''" ("sovereign cloud" in English). Overview The launch of Cloudwatt was a part of the Andromède project initiated in 2009 to promote France in the cloud computing market. Cloudwatt was established on September 6, 2012 as a subsidiary of Orange S.A., with the government of France and French military contractor Thales as secondary shareholders. Patrick Starck became the CEO of the company. In 2013, Cloudwatt chose US-based Juniper Networks as a supplier to ensure French data sovereignty. Commercial sales began in 2014, and were expected to reach €500 million per year. The company developed a Dropbox-like storage service targeting small businesses and organiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quaero
Quaero (Latin for ''I seek'') was a European initiative designed to compete with the Google search engine. It was announced in 2005 by Jacques Chirac and Gerhard Schröder, the political leaders of France and of Germany. As a research and development program, it had the goal of developing multimedia and multilingual indexing and management tools for professional and general public applications (such as search engines). The European Commission approved the aid granted by France on 11 March 2008. This program was supported by the OSEO. It was a French project with the participation of several German partners. The consortium was led by Thomson SA. Other companies involved in the consortium were France Télécom, Exalead, , Jouve, , Vecsys, Vocapia Research, LTU Technologies, and Synapse Développement. Many public research institutes were also involved, including National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control, Laboratoire d'informatique pour la mécanique et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valéry Giscard D'Estaing
Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing (, ; ; 2 February 19262 December 2020), also known as simply Giscard or VGE, was a French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981. After serving as Ministry of the Economy and Finance (France), Minister of Finance under prime ministers Jacques Chaban-Delmas and Pierre Messmer, Giscard d'Estaing won the 1974 French presidential election, presidential election of 1974 with 50.8% of the vote against François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party. His tenure was marked by a more liberal attitude on social issues—such as divorce, contraception and abortion—and by attempts to modernise the country and the office of the presidency, notably overseeing such far-reaching infrastructure projects as the TGV and the turn towards reliance on nuclear power as France's main energy source. Giscard d'Estaing launched the Grande Arche, Musée d'Orsay, Arab World Institute and Cité des Sciences et de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philips
Koninklijke Philips N.V. (), simply branded Philips, is a Dutch multinational health technology company that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, its world headquarters have been situated in Amsterdam, though the Benelux headquarters is still in Eindhoven. The company gained its royal honorary title in 1998. Philips was founded by Gerard Philips and his father Frederik, with their first products being light bulbs. Through the 20th century, it grew into one of the world's largest electronics conglomerates, with global market dominance in products ranging from kitchen appliances and electric shavers to light bulbs, televisions, cassettes, and compact discs (both of which were invented by Philips). At one point, it played a dominant role in the entertainment industry (through PolyGram). However, intense competition from primarily East Asian competitors throughout the 1990s and 2000s led to a period of downsizing, including the divestment of its lighting and c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siemens
Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational technology conglomerate. It is focused on industrial automation, building automation, rail transport and health technology. Siemens is the largest engineering company in Europe, and holds the position of global market leader in industrial automation and industrial software. The origins of the conglomerate can be traced back to 1847 to the ''Telegraphen Bau-Anstalt von Siemens & Halske'' established in Berlin by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske. In 1966, the present-day corporation emerged from the merger of three companies: Siemens & Halske, Siemens-Schuckert, and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke. Today headquartered in Munich and Berlin, Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 320,000 people worldwide and reported a global revenue of around €78 billion in 2023. The company is a component of the DAX and Euro Stoxx 50 stock market indices. As of December 2023, Siemens is the second largest German company by market ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
