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Pharmaceutical Care
Pharmaceutical care is a pharmacy practice model developed in the 1990s that describes patient-centered medication management services performed by pharmacists. Medication Management Service There are many definitions for "medication management service." The following definition was proposed in the 2012 textbook ''Pharmaceutical Care Practice: The Patient-Centered Approach to Medication Management'':"Medication management services are the professional activities needed to meet the standard of care which ensures each patient's medications (whether they are prescription, nonprescription, alternative, traditional, vitamins, or nutritional supplements) are individually assessed to determine that each medication is appropriate for the medical condition being treated, that the medication is being effective and achieving the goals established, that the medication is safe for the patient in the presence of the co-morbidities and other medications the patient may be taking, and the patient is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rho Chi
Rho Chi () is an international honor society for pharmaceutical sciences. It was founded on May 19, 1922, to "encourage high scholastic achievement and fellowship among students in pharmacy and to promote the pharmaceutical sciences". History The organization evolved from the Aristolochite Society which had been established at the University of Michigan as a local honor society in 1908. Discussion of national expansion began in 1917, met with urging at that same time from pharmacy faculty, which resulted in a second chapter of Aristolochite being established in 1919 at what is now Oregon State University, and a third at the University of Oklahoma. The Society adopted the name Rho Chi Society that year, with the grant of a charter from the State of Michigan.Rho Chi Bylaws and History from the ΡΧ National Website, accessed 11 June 2014 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATC Codes
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System is a drug classification system that classifies the active ingredients of drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical properties. Its purpose is an aid to monitor drug use and for research to improve quality medication use. It does not imply drug recommendation or efficacy. It is controlled by the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC), and was first published in 1976. Coding system This pharmaceutical coding system divides drugs into different groups according to the organ or system on which they act, their therapeutic intent or nature, and the drug's chemical characteristics. Different brands share the same code if they have the same active substance and indications. Each bottom-level ATC code stands for a pharmaceutically used substance, or a combination of substances, in a single indication (or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Referral (medicine)
In medicine, referral is the transfer of care for a patient from one clinician or clinic to another by request. Tertiary care is usually done by referral from primary or secondary medical care personnel. In the field of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), referral also means the informing of a partner of a patient diagnosed STD of the potential exposure. ''Patient referral'' is where patients directly inform their partners of their exposure to infection. An alternative is ''provider referral'', where trained health department personnel locate partners on the basis of the names, descriptions, and addresses provided by the patient to inform the partner. CDC. August 4, 2006 / 55(RR11);1-94 See also * |
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy, also known as pharmacological therapy or drug therapy, is defined as medical treatment that utilizes one or more pharmaceutical drugs to improve ongoing symptoms (symptomatic relief), treat the underlying condition, or act as a prevention for other diseases (prophylaxis). It can be distinguished from therapy using surgery (surgical therapy), radiation (radiation therapy), movement (physical therapy), or other modes. Among physicians, sometimes the term ''medical therapy'' refers specifically to pharmacotherapy as opposed to surgical or other therapy; for example, in oncology, medical oncology is thus distinguished from surgical oncology. Today's pharmacological therapy has evolved from a long history of medication use, and it has changed most rapidly in the last century due to advancements in drug discovery. The therapy is administered and adjusted by healthcare professionals according to the evidence-based guidelines and the patient's health condition. Perso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacists
A pharmacist, also known as a chemist in English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English, is a healthcare professional who is knowledgeable about preparation, mechanism of action, clinical usage and legislation of medications in order to dispense them safely to the public and to provide consultancy services. A pharmacist also often serves as a primary care provider in the community and offers services, such as health screenings and immunizations. Pharmacists undergo university or graduate-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. In developing countries, a diploma course from approved colleges qualifies one for pharmacist role. This is mated to anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians, and other health care providers. Among other licensing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Classification Of Primary Care
The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) is a classification method for primary care encounters. The ICPC-3 strives to be a person centered classification for Primary Care, building on the foundations of the ICPC-2. It includes references to existing international standards such as ICD-10, ICD-11, ICF as well as SNOMED CT clinical terminology. It provides a framework for documenting and organizing clinical data from primary care patient contacts. The ICPC-3 includes codes for the four key elements of healthcare encounters: * the reason for the encounter (RFE); * the diagnosis and/or health problem; * functioning (i.e. information about activities/participation, physiological functions and about personal and environmental factors related to the health problem); * processes of care. History The ICPC was developed by the WONCA International Classification Committee (WICC), and was first published in 1987 by Oxford University Press (OUP). A revision and inclusion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ICPC-2 PLUS
ICPC-2 PLUS is an extended terminology classified to ICPC-2 International Classification of Primary Care, which aids data entry, retrieval and analysis. ICPC-2 PLUS takes into account the frequency distribution of problems seen in primary health care. It allows for the classification of the patient's reason for encounter (RFE), the problems/diagnosis managed, primary care interventions, and the ordering of the data of the primary care session in an episode of care structure. ICPC-2 PLUS provides a list of possible terms matching a keyword (or start of a keyword) entered by the user. The user then selects the most appropriate term. Each term is already classified to ICPC-2 rubrics and a system of additional groupers that may include terms from multiple ICPC-2 rubrics. Each term has one or more keywords linked to it which may include abbreviations, synonyms, generics or specifics. The keyword searching is thus much broader, faster and better controlled than text mining of free text a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ICD-10
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, was endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly in 1990, and came into effect in member states on January 1, 1993. ICD-10 was replaced by ICD-11 on January 1, 2022. While WHO manages and publishes the base version of the ICD, several member states have modified it to better suit their needs. In the base classification, the code set allows for more than 14,000 different codes and permits the tracking of many new diagnoses compared to the preceding ICD-9. Through the use of optional sub-classifications, ICD-10 allows for specificity regarding the cause, manifestation, location, severity, and type of injury or disease. The adapted versions may differ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Pharmacy
The history of pharmacy as a modern and independent science dates back to the first third of the 19th century. Before then, pharmacy evolved from antiquity as part of medicine. Before the advent of pharmacists, there existed apothecaries that worked alongside priests and physicians in regard to patient care. Prehistoric pharmacy Paleopharmacological studies attest to the use of medicinal plants in pre-history. For example, herbs were discovered in the Shanidar Cave, and remains of the areca nut (''Areca catechu)'' in the Spirit Cave. Prehistoric man learned pharmaceutical techniques through instinct, by watching birds and beasts, and using cool water, leaves, dirt, or mud as a soothing agent. Ancient Era Mesopotamia and Egypt Sumerian cuneiform tablets record prescriptions for medicine. Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri, such as the ''Ebers Papyrus'' of 1550 BC and the ''Edwin Smith Papyrus'' of the 16th century BC. The very begin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classification Of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
The ''Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals'' (''CPR'') is a taxonomy that defines and groups situations requiring a referral between pharmacists and physicians regarding patients’ pharmacotherapy. It has been published in 2008. It is bilingual: English/Spanish (''Clasificación de Derivaciones Fármaco-terapéuticas''). It is a simple and efficient classification of pharmaco-therapeutic referrals between physicians and pharmacists permitting a common inter-professional language. It is adapted to any type of referrals among health professionals, and to increase its specificity it can be combined with ATC codes, ICD-10, and ICPC-2 PLUS. It is a part of the ''MEDAFAR Project'', whose objective is to improve, through different scientific activities, the coordination processes between physicians and pharmacists working in primary health care. Supporting institutions * Pharmaceutical Care Foundation of Spain (''Fundación Pharmaceutical Care España'') * Spanish Soci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patient-centered Care
Patient participation is a trend that arose in answer to medical paternalism. Informed consent is a process where patients make decisions informed by the advice of medical professionals. In recent years, the term ''patient participation'' has been used in many different contexts. These include, for example, clinical contexts in the form of Shared decision-making in medicine, shared decision-making, or patient-centered care. A nuanced definition of which was proposed in 2009 by the president of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Donald Berwick: "The experience (to the extent the informed, individual patient desires it) of transparency, individualization, recognition, respect, dignity, and choice in all matters, without exception, related to one's person, circumstances, and relationships in health care" are concepts closely related to patient participation. Patient participation is also used when referring to collaborations with patients within health systems and organisatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boston
Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of and a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the third-largest city in the Northeastern United States after New York City and Philadelphia. The larger Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area has a population of 4.9 million as of 2023, making it the largest metropolitan area in New England and the Metropolitan statistical area, eleventh-largest in the United States. Boston was founded on Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by English Puritans, Puritan settlers, who named the city after the market town of Boston, Lincolnshire in England. During the American Revolution and American Revolutionary War, Revolutionary War, Boston was home to several seminal events, incl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
