|
Peroxydisulfate
The peroxydisulfate ion, , is an oxyanion, the anion of peroxydisulfuric acid. It is commonly referred to as persulfate, but this term also refers to the peroxomonosulfate ion, . It is also called ''peroxodisulfate''. Approximately 500,000 tons of salts containing this anion are produced annually. Important salts include sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8). These salts are colourless, water-soluble solids that are strong oxidants. Applications Salts of peroxydisulfate are mainly used to initiate the polymerization of various alkenes, including styrene, acrylonitrile, and fluoroalkenes. Polymerization is initiated by the homolysis of the peroxydisulfate: : 3SO–OSO3sup>2− 2 O4sup>•− Moreover, sodium peroxydisulfate can be used for soil and groundwater remediation Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persulfate
A persulfate (sometimes known as peroxysulfate or peroxodisulfate) is a compound containing the anions or . The anion contains one peroxide group per sulfur center, whereas in , the peroxide group bridges the sulfur atoms. In both cases, sulfur adopts the normal tetrahedral geometry typical for the S(VI) oxidation state. These salts are strong oxidizers. Ions * Peroxomonosulfate ion, * Peroxydisulfate Acids * Peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid), H2SO5 * Peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8 Example salts * Sodium peroxomonosulfate, Na2SO5 * Potassium peroxymonosulfate Potassium peroxymonosulfate is widely used as an oxidizing agent, for example, in pools and spas (usually referred to as monopersulfate or "MPS"). It is the potassium salt (chemistry), salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid. Potassium peroxymonosulfate ..., KHSO5 * Sodium persulfate (sodium peroxydisulfate), Na2S2O8 * Ammonium persulfate (ammonium peroxydisulfate), (NH4)2S2O8 * Potassium persulfate (potassium pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonium Persulfate
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used as a catalyst in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent. Preparation and structure Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.F. Feher, "Potassium Peroxydisulfate" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 390. The method was first described by Hugh Marshall. The ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts adopt very similar structures in the solid state, according to X-ray crystallography. In the ammonium salt, the O-O distance is 1.497Å. The sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.44� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) Peroxydisulfate
Tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate is a chemical compound which contains silver in the rare oxidation state of +2. Preparation The salt can be easily prepared by oxidizing a soluble silver salt with excess potassium peroxydisulfate in aqueous pyridine solution, where upon the product precipitates out almost quantitatively. : 2 AgNO3 + 8 C5H5N + 3 K2S2O8 → 2 g(C5H5N)42O8 + 2 K2SO4 + 2 KNO3 Structure Since the Ag2+ ion has a d9 configuration, the salt is paramagnetic. Properties The compound is in the form of non-hygroscopic orange granulate. It is stable in the air for several days when stored away from light, and is stable up to several months if dried in vacuo over potassium hydroxide, decomposing into a white paste. Its stability can be attributed to its insolubility in both polar and non-polar solvents. The compound decomposes at 137 °C. It dissolves in concentrated nitric acid without reduction, and is converted to the black silver(I,III) oxide in aqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peroxydisulfuric Acid
Peroxydisulfuric acid is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula . It is also called Marshall's acid after Professor Hugh Marshall, who discovered it in 1891. Structure and bonding This oxoacid features sulfur in its +6 oxidation state and a peroxide group. Sulfur adopts the usual tetrahedral geometry. Synthesis The acid is prepared by the reaction of chlorosulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide: : Another method is the electrolysis of moderately concentrated sulfuric acid (60-70%) with platinum electrodes at high current density and voltage: :H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4− (dissociation of sulfuric acid) :2 HSO4− → H2S2O8 + 2 e− (E0 = +2.4V) (bisulfate oxidation) :2 H2SO4 → H2S2O8 + H2 (overall reaction) :3 H2O → O3 + 6 H+ (ozone produced as a side product) Uses Peroxydisulfuric acid is a precursor to several salts including sodium peroxydisulfate, potassium peroxydisulfate, and ammonium peroxydisulfate. These salts are used to initiate the polymerization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persulfates
A persulfate (sometimes known as peroxysulfate or peroxodisulfate) is a compound containing the anions or . The anion contains one peroxide group per sulfur center, whereas in , the peroxide group bridges the sulfur atoms. In both cases, sulfur adopts the normal tetrahedral geometry typical for the S(VI) oxidation state. These salts are strong oxidizers. Ions * Peroxomonosulfate ion, * Peroxydisulfate Acids * Peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid), H2SO5 * Peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8 Example salts * Sodium peroxomonosulfate, Na2SO5 * Potassium peroxymonosulfate, KHSO5 * Sodium persulfate (sodium peroxydisulfate), Na2S2O8 * Ammonium persulfate (ammonium peroxydisulfate), (NH4)2S2O8 * Potassium persulfate Potassium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2 S2O8. Also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, it is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water. This salt is a powerful oxidant, co ... (potassium peroxy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peroxydisulfuric Acid
Peroxydisulfuric acid is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula . It is also called Marshall's acid after Professor Hugh Marshall, who discovered it in 1891. Structure and bonding This oxoacid features sulfur in its +6 oxidation state and a peroxide group. Sulfur adopts the usual tetrahedral geometry. Synthesis The acid is prepared by the reaction of chlorosulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide: : Another method is the electrolysis of moderately concentrated sulfuric acid (60-70%) with platinum electrodes at high current density and voltage: :H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4− (dissociation of sulfuric acid) :2 HSO4− → H2S2O8 + 2 e− (E0 = +2.4V) (bisulfate oxidation) :2 H2SO4 → H2S2O8 + H2 (overall reaction) :3 H2O → O3 + 6 H+ (ozone produced as a side product) Uses Peroxydisulfuric acid is a precursor to several salts including sodium peroxydisulfate, potassium peroxydisulfate, and ammonium peroxydisulfate. These salts are used to initiate the polymerization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Persulfate
Sodium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2 S2 O8. It is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8, an oxidizing agent. It is a white solid that dissolves in water. It is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life. Production The salt is prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium bisulfate: : Oxidation is conducted at a platinum anode. In this way about 165,000 tons were produced in 2005. The standard redox potential of sodium persulfate into hydrogen sulfate is 2.1 V, which is higher than that of hydrogen peroxide (1.8 V) but lower than ozone (2.2 V). The sulfate radical formed in situ has a standard electrode potential of 2.7 V. However, there are a few drawbacks in utilizing platinum anodes to produce the salts; the manufacturing process is inefficient due to oxygen evolution and the product could contain contaminants coming from platinum corrosion (mainly due to extremely oxidizing nature of the sulfate radical). Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Persulfate
Potassium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2 S2O8. Also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, it is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water. This salt is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations. Structure The sodium and potassium salts are very similar. In the potassium salt, the O-O distance is 1.495Å. The individual sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.43 and one long S-O bond at 1.65Å. Preparation Potassium persulfate can be prepared by electrolysis of a cold solution potassium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density. : 2 KHSO4 → K2S2O8 + H2 It can also be prepared by adding potassium bisulfate (KHSO4) to a solution of the more soluble salt ammonium peroxydisulfate (NH4)2S2O8. In principle it can be prepared by chemical oxidation of potassium sulfate using fluorine. Several million kilograms of the ammonium, sodium, and potassium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peroxomonosulfate
The peroxomonosulfate ion, , is a sulfur oxoanion. It is sometimes referred to as the persulfate ion, but this term also refers to the peroxydisulfate The peroxydisulfate ion, , is an oxyanion, the anion of peroxydisulfuric acid. It is commonly referred to as persulfate, but this term also refers to the peroxomonosulfate ion, . It is also called ''peroxodisulfate''. Approximately 500,000 ton ... ion, . Its other IUPAC names are sulfuroperoxoate and trioxidoperoxidosulfate(2−). Compounds containing peroxomonosulfate * Na2SO5 * KHSO5 See also * Peroxymonosulfuric acid References * Sulfur oxyanions {{Inorganic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkenes
In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond may be internal or at the terminal position. Terminal alkenes are also known as Alpha-olefin, α-olefins. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Preferred IUPAC name, recommends using the name "alkene" only for Open-chain compound, acyclic hydrocarbons with just one double bond; alkadiene, alkatriene, etc., or polyene for acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double bonds; cycloalkene, cycloalkadiene, etc. for Cyclic compound, cyclic ones; and "olefin" for the general class – cyclic or acyclic, with one or more double bonds. Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups (also known as mono-enes) form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula with ''n'' being a >1 natural number (which is two hydrogens less than the corresponding alkane). When ''n'' is four or more, isomers are possible, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile is an organic compound with the formula and the structure . It is a colorless, volatile liquid. It has a pungent odor of garlic or onions. Its molecular structure consists of a vinyl group () linked to a nitrile (). It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics such as polyacrylonitrile. It is reactive and toxic at low doses. Acrylonitrile is one of the components of ABS plastic (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). Structure and basic properties Acrylonitrile is an organic compound with the formula and the structure . It is a colorless, volatile liquid although commercial samples can be yellow due to impurities. It has a pungent odor of garlic or onions. Its molecular structure consists of a vinyl group () linked to a nitrile (). It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics such as polyacrylonitrile. It is reactive and toxic at low doses. Production Acrylonitrile was first synthesized by the French chemist Charle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymerization
In polymer chemistry, polymerization (American English), or polymerisation (British English), is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them. In chemical compounds, polymerization can occur via a variety of reaction mechanisms that vary in complexity due to the functional groups present in the reactants and their inherent steric effects. In more straightforward polymerizations, alkenes form polymers through relatively simple radical reactions; in contrast, reactions involving substitution at a carbonyl group require more complex synthesis due to the way in which reactants polymerize. As alkenes can polymerize in somewhat straightforward radical reactions, they form useful compounds such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which are produced in high tonnages each year due to their usefulnes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
