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Patchouli
Patchouli (also spelled patchouly or pachouli; ; '' Pogostemon cablin'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, commonly called the mint or deadnettle family. The plant grows as a bushy perennial herb, with erect stems reaching up to in height and bearing small, pale, pink-white flowers. It is native to the island region of Southeast Asia, including Sri Lanka, Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, and the Philippines. It is also found in many parts of Nepal and North East India. Noted for its fragrant essential oil, it has many commercial uses and is now extensively cultivated in tropical climates around the world, especially in Asia, Madagascar, South America, and the Caribbean. , global demand for patchouli oil is over per year, of which over 90% is produced by Indonesia. Etymology The word derives from the Tamil ''patchai'' () or paccuḷi, meaning "green", and ''ellai'' (), meaning "leaf". Cultivation Patchouli grows well in warm to tropical clim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patchoulol
Patchoulol or patchouli alcohol (C15H26O) is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in patchouli. Patchouli oil is an important material in perfumery. The (−)-optical isomer is one of the organic compounds responsible for the typical patchouli scent. Patchoulol is obtained by fermentation of leaves of ''Pogostemon cablin''. Patchoulol is also used in the synthesis of the chemotherapy drug Taxol. Structure determination Gal first isolated patchouli alcohol in 1869, and Montgolfier later formulated its chemical composition (correctly) as C15H26O. Early structural investigation soon established the presence of a saturated tricyclic tertiary alcohol. After several years of careful degradation study, George Büchi, Büchi and co-workers proposed that patchouli alcohol had the structure 1. A subsequent synthesis of material which corresponded to an authentic sample of natural patchouli alcohol appeared to verify Büchi's proposal. However, Jack D. Dunitz, Dunitz and co-workers serendipitou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norpatchoulenol
Norpatchoulenol is a tricyclic terpenoid found in commercial patchouli extract in small quantities, and thought to contribute significantly to the aroma of patchouli oil. See also *Patchoulol Patchoulol or patchouli alcohol (C15H26O) is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in patchouli. Patchouli oil is an important material in perfumery. The (−)-optical isomer is one of the organic compounds responsible for the typical patchouli scent. Pat ... References {{reflist Sesquiterpenes Tertiary alcohols Tricyclic compounds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germacrene
Germacrenes are a group of five naturally occurring volatile organic hydrocarbons of the sesquiterpene and cycloalkene class. Germacrenes are typically produced in a number of plant species for their antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, though they also play a role as insect pheromones. Two prominent molecules are germacrene A and germacrene D. Structures Germacrene has five isomers. Natural occurrences The essential oils of lamium, deadnettles (genus ''Lamium''), Stachys, hedgenettles (genus ''Stachys''), and ''Clausena anisata'' are characterized by their high contents of germacrene D. Germacrene B is a major component of Patchouli#Essential_oil, patchouli oil. References Further reading General * Germacrene A * * * * * * Germacrene D * * * * * * * {{refend Alkene derivatives Sesquiterpenes Cycloalkenes Multiple Chemboxes, B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pogostone
Pogostone or dhelwangin is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula C12H16O4. Classified as a secondary metabolite, primarily found in patchouli, a member of the mint family Lamiaceae. This plant has historically been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat ailments such as the common cold, nausea, diarrhea, headache, and fever, and is also applied for its antifungal properties. Pogostone was first identified in 1969 as the major antimicrobial constituent of ''Pogostemonis Herba'', the dried aerial parts of patchouli used in herbal preparations. Structure and properties Pogostone has the molecular formula C12H16O4. Pogostone (PO) was obtained as needle-like colorless crystals. Its melting point was reported as 32–33 °C. It features a 2H-pyranone core and was first structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, which also revealed the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Due to its low natural abundance in the plant, synthetic methods fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pogostemon
''Pogostemon'' is a large genus from the family Lamiaceae, first described as a genus in 1815. It is native to warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and Australia. The best known member of this genus is patchouli, ''Pogostemon cablin'', widely cultivated in Asia for its scented foliage, used for perfume, incense, insect repellent, herbal tea, etc. In 1997, it was proposed for the genus to be split into three subgenera— '' Allopogostemon'' Bhatti & Ingr., ''Dysophyllus'' (Blume) Bhatti & Ingr., and ''Pogostemon'' sensu Bhatti & Ingr. based on numerous morphological characteristics. However, the significant variability in these traits as well as possible convergent evolution within this genus has made classification of species challenging. Some members of the genus (e.g. '' Pogostemon erectus'', '' Pogostemon stellatus'', '' Pogostemon helferi'') are grown ornamentally in the aquarium hobby and are used for aquascaping Aquascaping is the craft of arranging aquatic plants, as well as r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perfume
Perfume (, ) is a mixture of fragrance, fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds (fragrances), Fixative (perfumery), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. Perfumes can be defined as substances that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrant odor. They consist of artificial mixtures of aromatic chemicals and essential oils. The 1939 List of Nobel laureates, Nobel Laureate for Chemistry, Leopold Ružička stated in 1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific chemistry up to the present time, perfumes have substantially contributed to the development of organic chemistry as regards methods, systematic classification, and theory." Ancient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin and coumarin, whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Essential Oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived. The term "essential" used here does ''not'' mean required or usable by the human body, as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid, which are so called because they are nutritionally required by a living organism. Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by using steam. Other processes include expression, solvent extraction, '' sfumatura'', absolute oil extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, and cold pressing. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Bentham
George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studied law, but had a fascination with botany from an early age, which he soon pursued, becoming president of the Linnaean Society in 1861, and a fellow of the Royal Society in 1862. He was the author of a number of important botanical works, particularly flora. He is best known for his taxonomic classification of plants in collaboration with Joseph Dalton Hooker, his ''Genera Plantarum'' (1862–1883). He died in London in 1884. Life Bentham was born in Stoke, Plymouth, on 22 September 1800. His father, Sir Samuel Bentham, a naval architect, was the only brother of Jeremy Bentham to survive into adulthood. His mother, Mary Sophia Bentham, was a botanist and author. Bentham had no formal education but had a remarkable linguistic aptitude. By ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Chemical & Engineering Data
The Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1956 by the American Chemical Society. ''JCED'' is currently indexed in: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), SCOPUS, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, British Library, PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and SwetsWise. The current Editor is J. Ilja Siepmann. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2022 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.6. References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Journal Of Chemical and Engineering Data American Chemical Society academic journals Academic journals established in 1956 Monthly journals Chemical engineering journals English-language journals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leaf
A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the plant stem, stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the Shoot (botany), shoot system. In most leaves, the primary Photosynthesis, photosynthetic Tissue (biology), tissue is the palisade mesophyll and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf, but in some species, including the mature foliage of ''Eucalyptus'', palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. The leaf is an integral part of the stem system, and most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper (Glossary of botanical terms#adaxial, adaxial) and lower (Glossary of botanical terms#abaxial, abaxial) surfaces that differ in color, Trichome, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sesquiterpene
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many combinations. Biochemical modifications such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related sesquiterpenoids. It is estimated (2006) that 3000 sesquiterpenes have been identified. Biosynthesis and examples The reaction of geranyl pyrophosphate with isopentenyl pyrophosphate results in the 15-carbon farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes such as farnesene. Cyclic sesquiterpenes are more common than cyclic monoterpenes because of the increased chain length and additional double bond in the sesquiterpene precursors. In addition to common six-membered ring systems such as the ones found in zingiberene and bisacurone, cyclization of one end of the chain to the other end can lead to macrocyclic rings such as humulene. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
