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Papal Conclave, 1721
The 1721 papal conclave was called upon the death of Pope Clement XI. It began on 31 March 1721 and ended on 8 May that year with the election of Cardinal Michelangelo dei Conti as Pope Innocent XIII. Divisions in the College of Cardinals The College of Cardinals was divided into four factions, two political and two curial. The Imperial faction, the strongest faction in the Sacred College, was headed by Imperial minister Althan; its strength was estimated between twenty and twenty five votes. They represented the interests of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. The Bourbon faction, the group of cardinals who defended the interests of the two Catholic powers ruled by Bourbon kings – France and Spain – included eleven or twelve cardinals. They represented the interests of Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain. The Clementine party formed the third faction; Annibale Albani, Cardinal-nephew of Clement XI, was leader of the group of cardinals created by his uncle. Their numbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apostolic Palace
The Apostolic Palace is the official residence of the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, located in Vatican City. It is also known as the Papal Palace, the Palace of the Vatican and the Vatican Palace. The Vatican itself refers to the building as the Palace of Sixtus V, in honor of Pope Sixtus V, who built most of the present form of the palace. The building contains the papal apartments, various offices of the Catholic Church and the Holy See, private and public chapels, the Vatican Museums, and the Vatican Library, including the Sistine Chapel, Raphael Rooms, and the Borgia Apartments. The modern tourist can see these last and other parts of the palace, but other parts, such as the Sala Regia (Vatican), Sala Regia (Regal Room) and Cappella Paolina, had long been closed to tourists, though the Sala Regia allowed occasional tourism by 2019. The Scala Regia (Vatican), Scala Regia (Regal Staircase) can be viewed from one end and used to enter the Sala Regia. The Cappella Paoli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip V Of Spain
Philip V (; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was List of Spanish monarchs, King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days) is the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy, surpassing Philip IV of Spain, Philip IV. Although his ascent to the throne precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V instigated many important reforms in Spain, most especially the centralization of power of the monarchy and the suppression of regional privileges, via the Nueva Planta decrees, and restructuring of the administration of the Spanish Empire on the Iberian Peninsula and its overseas regions. Philip was born into the House of Bourbon, French royal family (as Philippe, Duke of Anjou) during the reign of his grandfather Louis XIV. He was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and was third in line to the French throne after his father and his elder brother, Louis, Duke of Burgund ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dean Of The College Of Cardinals
The dean of the College of Cardinals () presides over the College of Cardinals in the Catholic Church, serving as ('first among equals'). The position was established in the 12th century. He always holds the rank of a cardinal bishop and is assisted by a vice-dean. Both are elected by and from the cardinal bishops who are not Eastern Catholic patriarchs, with their election subject to papal confirmation. Except for presiding over the college, the dean and vice-dean have no power over the other cardinals. In the order of precedence in the Catholic Church, the dean and vice-dean, as the two most senior cardinals, are placed second and third, respectively, after the pope. For centuries, the cardinal bishop who had been a bishop of a suburbicarian see the longest was the dean. This custom became a requirement with the canon law of 1917. On 26 February 1965, Pope Paul VI empowered the cardinal bishops to elect the dean from among their number. Both the dean and subdean must reside ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sebastiano Antonio Tanara
Sebastiano Antonio Tanara (10 April 1650 – 5 May 1724) was an Italian Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal. He studied law at the university of Bologna. He was internuncio in Flanders (1675-1687) and as, such, he was sent with secret mission to king James II of England, who had converted to Catholicism. In 1687 he was consecrated Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Damascus, titular archbishop of Damasco"Damascus (Titular See)" ''Catholic-Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. retrieved March 24, 2016"Titular Metropolitan See of Damascus" ''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved March 24, 2016 and then served as papal Apostolic Nuncio to Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinal Secretary Of State
The Secretary of State of His Holiness (; ), also known as the Cardinal Secretary of State or the Vatican Secretary of State, presides over the Secretariat of State of the Holy See, the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia. The Secretariat of State performs all the political and diplomatic functions of the Holy See and Vatican City. The secretary of state is sometimes described as the prime minister of the Holy See, but the head of government of Vatican City is the President of the Governorate of Vatican City State. Cardinal Pietro Parolin has served as secretary of state since 2013, nominated by Francis and temporarily confirmed also by Leo XIV in May 2025. Duties The secretary of state is appointed by the Pope, and serves as one of his principal advisors. As one of the senior offices in the Roman Catholic Church, the secretary is required to be a cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal. If the office is vacant, a someone other than a cardinal may serve as pro t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jus Exclusivae
(Latin for "right of exclusion"; sometimes called the papal veto) was the right claimed by several Catholic monarchs of Europe to veto a candidate for the papacy. Although never formally recognized by the Catholic Church, the monarchs of France, Spain and Austria claimed this right at various times, making known to a papal conclave, through a crown-cardinal, that the monarch deemed a particular candidate for the papacy objectionable. Early history The right exercised by Byzantine emperors, Byzantine (Byzantine Papacy) and Holy Roman emperors to confirm the election of a pope, which was last exercised in the Early Middle Ages, appears unrelated to the early modern legal claim of by the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Spain. Pope Pius IV, in his bull ''In Elgidendis'' (1562), excluded formal support of the Church to such rights and external interventions in the conclave. It was explicitly forbidden in 1904 with the bull ''Commissum Nobis'' of Pope Pius X. In the 17th century, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Accessus
Accessus is a term applied to the voting in conclave for the election of a pope, by which a cardinal changes his vote and accedes to some other candidate. Accessus voting was first used in the papal conclave, 1455. The procedure was likely adopted from the Roman Senate The Roman Senate () was the highest and constituting assembly of ancient Rome and its aristocracy. With different powers throughout its existence it lasted from the first days of the city of Rome (traditionally founded in 753 BC) as the Sena ... where an acceding Senator would physically move to join the proponents of a proposal. Josep M. Colomer and Iain McLean. (1998). "Electing Popes: Approval Balloting and Qualified-Majority Rule". ''The Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1–22. Description When the votes of the cardinals in the first ballot have been counted, and no candidate has achieved a two-thirds majority, at the following vote opportunity is granted for a cardinal to cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damian Hugo Philipp Von Schönborn
Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn (19 September 1676 in Mainz – 19 August 1743 in Bruchsal) was Prince-Bishop of Speyer (1719–1743), Bishop of Konstanz (1740–1743) and a cardinal (1713). Biography Born into an ancient German Schönborn family, House of Schönborn, as the third son of Count Melchior Friedrich von Schönborn-Buchheim (1644—1717) and his wife, Baroness Maria Anna Sophia von Boineburg-Lengsfeld (1652—1726). His elder brothers were Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn, Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Friedrich Karl von Schönborn, Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg. He participated in papal conclaves in 1721, 1724 and 1730. He also attended the 1740 papal conclave. Death Damian Hugo died on 19 August 1743 in Bruchsal, at the age of 75. He was buried in the Kapuzinerkapelle, Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Saalbachthal until 1755, when his grave was transmitted to Pfarrkirche St.Peter, Bruchsal, Baden-Württemberg, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Philip Wallrad De Hénin-Liétard D'Alsace
Thomas Philip Wallrad de Hénin-Liétard d'Alsace named Cardinal d'Alsace (Brussels, 12 November 1679 – 5 January 1759), was a Cardinal (Catholic Church), Cardinal and Archbishop of Mechelen, Belgium. He participated in four conclaves; during the Papal conclave, 1758, conclave of 1758, in which he did not participate, he was Cardinal Protopriest. Family His father, Philippe-Louis de Hénin, 7th Count of Bossu was Knight of the Golden Fleece. He was the 11th Prince of Chimay: his family belongs to the family of House of Hénin, Hénin-Liétard,see also Jean-François-Gabriel de Hénin-Liétard His grandmother was a Princess of Arenberg and Chimay, she was a granddaughter of Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg. Lodewijk Frans Verreycken, 1st Baron of Bonlez was his great-grandfather. The brother of the Cardinal was married to Charlotte de Rouvroy, daughter of the Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, Duke of Saint-Simon, who mentioned the Cardinal in his writings. One of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Excommunication
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in Koinonia, communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments. It is practiced by all of the ancient churches (such as the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodox churches and the Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox churches) as well as by other Christian denominations; however, it is also used more generally to refer to similar types of institutional religious exclusionary practices and shunning among other religious groups. The Amish have also been known to excommunicate members that were either seen or known for breaking rules, or questioning the church, a practice known as shunning. Jehovah's Witnesses use the term disfellowship to refer to their form of excommunication. The word ''excommunication'' means putting a specific indiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Antoine De Noailles
Louis Antoine de Noailles, ''Cardinal de Noailles'' (27 May 16514 May 1729), second son of Anne de Noailles, 1st Duke of Noailles, was a French bishop and cardinal. His signing of the Unigenitus bull in 1728 would end the formal Jansenist controversy. Biography Louis-Antoine de Noailles was born at the Château of Teyssiére in Auvergne, France, on 27 May 1651 to Anne, 1st duc de Noailles and captain- general of Roussillon, and his wife, Louise Boyer, a former lady-in-waiting to Queen Anne of Austria.Dégert, Antoine. "Louis-Antoine de Noailles." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 3 June 2017 Noailles received his i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giulio Alberoni
Giulio Alberoni (21 May 1664 OS – 26 June NS 1752) was an Italian Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal and statesman in the service of Philip V of Spain. Early years He was born near Piacenza on May 21, 1664, probably at the village of Fiorenzuola d'Arda in the Duchy of Parma. His father, who was a gardener, died when Alberoni was only ten years old."Alberoni, Giulio''Chambers's Encyclopædia''. London: George Newnes Ltd, George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 223. He himself became first connected with the church in the humble position of a Bell-ringer, bellringer and verger in the Duomo di Piacenza, Duomo of Piacenza; he was twenty-one when the judge Ignazio Gardini, of Ravenna, was banished, and he followed Gardini to Ravenna, where he met the vice-legate Giorgio Barni, who was made bishop of Piacenza in 1688 and appointed Alberoni chamberlain of his household. Alberoni took priest's orders, having been ordained in the Cathedral of Parma, and afterwards accompanied the nephew of the Bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
