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P38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy. Persistent activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in muscle satellite cells (muscle stem cells) due to ageing, impairs muscle regeneration. p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK), also called RK or CSBP (Cytokinin Specific Binding Protein), is the mammalian orthologue of the yeast Hog1p MAP kinase, which participates in a signaling cascade controlling cellular responses to cytokines and stress. Four p38 MAP kinases, p38-α ( MAPK14), -β ( MAPK11), -γ ( MAPK12 / ERK6), and -δ ( MAPK13 / SAPK4), have been identified. Similar to the SAPK/JNK pathway, p38 MAP kinase is activated by a variety of cellular stresses including osmotic shock, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), ultraviolet light, and growth fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAPK11
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPK11'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation, and development. This kinase is most closely related to p38 MAP kinase, both of which can be activated by proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. This kinase is activated through its phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs), preferably by MKK6. Transcription factor ATF2/CREB2 has been shown to be a substrate of this kinase. Interactions MAPK11 has been shown to interact with HDAC3 and Promyelocytic leukemia protein. See also * p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are resp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C-Jun N-terminal Kinases
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), were originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphorylate c-Jun on Ser-63 and Ser-73 within its transcriptional activation domain. They belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, and are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock. They also play a role in T cell differentiation and the cellular apoptosis pathway. Activation occurs through a dual phosphorylation of threonine (Thr) and tyrosine (Tyr) residues within a Thr- Pro-Tyr motif located in kinase subdomain VIII. Activation is carried out by two MAP kinase kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, and JNK can be inactivated by Ser/Thr and Tyr protein phosphatases. It has been suggested that this signaling pathway contributes to inflammatory responses in mammals and insects. Isoforms The c-Jun N-terminal kinases consist of ten isoforms derived from three genes: JNK1 (four isoforms), JNK2 (four isoforms) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GeroScience
''GeroScience'' (formerly ''Age''; ''Journal of the American Aging Association'') is a scientific journal focused on the biology of aging and on mechanistic studies using clinically relevant models of aging and chronic age-related diseases. The journal also publishes articles on health-related aspects of human aging, including biomarkers of aging, multisystem physiology of aging and pathophysiology of age-related diseases. Topics ''GeroScience'' covers topics like chronic low-grade inflammation, cellular senescence, macromolecular damage, oxidative-nitrative stress, maladaptation to cellular and molecular stresses, impaired stem cell function and regeneration, alterations in proteostasis, epigenetic dysregulation, impaired mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism; strategies to improve cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and musculoskeletal health-span; studies using a variety of experimental approaches, including in vivo studies and investigations using isolated tissue prep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ZFP36
Tristetraprolin (TTP), also known as zinc finger protein 36 homolog (ZFP36), is a protein that in humans, mice and rats is encoded by the ''ZFP36'' gene. It is a member of the TIS11 ( TPA-induced sequence) family, along with butyrate response factors 1 and 2. TTP binds to AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of the mRNAs of some cytokines and promotes their degradation. For example, TTP is a component of a negative feedback loop that interferes with TNF-alpha production by destabilizing its mRNA. Mice deficient in TTP develop a complex syndrome of inflammatory diseases. Interactions ZFP36 has been shown to interact with 14-3-3 protein family members, such as YWHAH, and with NUP214, a member of the nuclear pore complex. Regulation Post-transcriptionally, TTP is regulated in several ways. The subcellular localization of TTP is influenced by interactions with protein partners such as the 14-3-3 family of proteins. These interactions and, possibly, inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MEF2
In the field of molecular biology, myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2) proteins are a family of transcription factors which through control of gene expression are important regulators of cellular differentiation and consequently play a critical role in embryonic development. In adult organisms, Mef2 proteins mediate the stress response in some tissues. Mef2 proteins contain both MADS-box and Mef2 DNA-binding domains. Discovery Mef2 was originally identified as a transcription factor complex through promoter analysis of the muscle creatine kinase (mck) gene to identify nuclear factors interacting with the mck enhancer region during muscle differentiation. Three human mRNA coding sequences designated RSRF (Related to Serum Response Factor) were cloned and shown to dimerize, bind a consensus sequence similar to the one present in the MCK enhancer region, and drive transcription. RSRFs were subsequently demonstrated to encode human genes now named Mef2A, Mef2B and Mef2D. Spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mac (gene)
Mac or MAC may refer to: Common meanings * Mac (computer), a line of personal computers made by Apple Inc. * Mackintosh, a raincoat made of rubberized cloth * Mac, a prefix to surnames derived from Gaelic languages * McIntosh (apple), a Canadian apple cultivar Arts and entertainment Fictional entities * Mac (''Green Wing''), a television character * Mac (''It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia''), a television character * Mac Gargan, an enemy of Spider-Man * Mac, a character on ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends'' * Angus "Mac" MacGyver, from the television series ''MacGyver'' * Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie, from the TV series ''Veronica Mars'' * Lt. Col. Sarah MacKenzie, from the TV series ''JAG'' * Dr. Terrence McAfferty, from Robert Muchamore's ''CHERUB'' and ''Henderson's Boys'' novel series * Mac McAnnally, in ''The Dresden Files'' series * Randle McMurphy, in the movie ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' * Mac Taylor, from the TV series ''CSI: NY'' * Mac, a canine character ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATF2
Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ATF2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined. The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32. The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton. ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAPKAPK2
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPKAPK2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This kinase is regulated through direct phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase. In conjunction with p38 MAP kinase, this kinase is known to be involved in many cellular processes including stress and inflammatory responses, nuclear export, gene expression regulation and cell proliferation. Heat shock protein HSP27 was shown to be its major direct substrate in vivo. Two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. Vascular barrier MK2 pathway has been demonstrated to have a key role in maintaining and repairing the integrity of endothelial barrier in the lung via actin and vimentin remodeling. Activation of MK2 via its phosphorylation by p38 has been shown to restore the vascular barrier and repair vascular leak, associated with over 60 medical conditions, including ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyrosine
-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a conditionally essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek ''tyrós'', meaning ''cheese'', as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine. It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA. The one-letter symbol Y was assigned to tyrosine for being alphabetically nearest of those letters available. Note that T was assigned to the structurally simpler threonine, U was avoided for its similarity with V for valine, W was assigned to tryptophan, while X was reserved for undetermined or atypical amino acids. The mnemonic t''Y''rosine was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH form when dissolved in water), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form when dissolved in water), and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Threonine is synthesized from aspartate in bacteria such as ''E. coli''. It is encoded by all the codons starting AC (ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG). Threonine sidechains are often hydrogen bonded; the most common small motifs formed are based on interactions with serine: ST turns, ST motifs (often at the beginning of alpha helices) and ST staples (usually at the middle of alpha helices). Modifications The threonine residue is susceptible to numerous posttranslational modifications. The hydroxyl side-chain can und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is described as the "transfer of a phosphate group" from a donor to an acceptor. A common phosphorylating agent (phosphate donor) is ATP and a common family of acceptor are alcohols: : This equation can be written in several ways that are nearly equivalent that describe the behaviors of various protonated states of ATP, ADP, and the phosphorylated product. As is clear from the equation, a phosphate group per se is not transferred, but a phosphoryl group (PO3-). Phosphoryl is an electrophile. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Protein phosphorylation often activates (or deactivates) many enzymes. During respiration Phosphorylation is essential to the processes of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, which involve the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "high-energy" exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SEK (gene)
SEK or Sek may refer to: Organisations * Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches (''Schweizerischer Evangelischer Kirchenbund'') * SEK Studio, a North Korean animation studio * Stagecoach in East Kent, a transportation company in England * SEK (Germany) (''Spezialeinsatzkommando''), police tactical units of the German state police forces * Hellenic State Railways (''Sidirodromoi Ellinikou Kratous''), a former Greek public sector entity * Socialist Workers Party (Greece) (''Sosialistikó Ergatikó Kómma''), a political party in Greece * Swedish Export Credit Corporation (''Svensk Exportkredit'') People * Sęk, a Polish surname * Sek Henry (born 1987), American-Jamaican basketball player * Seksan Sukpimai (born 1974), known as Sek Loso, Thai singer, songwriter and musician * Samuel Edward Konkin III (1947–2004), known as SEK III, Canadian-American writer Other uses * Swedish krona The krona (; plural: ''kronor''; sign: kr; code: SEK) is the currency of Sweden. Both the ISO ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
