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Orexin B
Orexin (), also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. It exists in the forms of orexin-A and orexin-B. The most common form of narcolepsy, type 1, in which the individual experiences brief losses of muscle tone ("drop attacks" or cataplexy), is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells that produce it.Stanford Center for NarcolepsFAQ(retrieved 27-Mar-2012) There are 50,000–80,000 orexin-producing neurons in the human brain, located predominantly in the perifornical area and lateral hypothalamus. They project widely throughout the central nervous system, regulating wakefulness, feeding, and other behaviours. There are two types of orexin peptide and two types of orexin receptor. Orexin was discovered in 1998 almost simultaneously by two independent groups of researchers working on the rat brain. One group named it orexin, from ''orexis,'' meaning "appetite" in Greek; the other group named it hypocr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuropeptide
Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of amino acids that are synthesized and released by neurons. Neuropeptides typically bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neural activity and other tissues like the gut, muscles, and heart. Neuropeptides are synthesized from large precursor proteins which are cleaved and post-translationally processed then packaged into large dense core vesicles. Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in a single neuron, yielding a multitude of effects. Once released, neuropeptides can diffuse widely to affect a broad range of targets. Neuropeptides are extremely ancient and highly diverse chemical messengers. Placozoa, Placozoans such as ''Trichoplax'', extremely basal animals which do not possess neurons, use peptides for cell-to-cell communication in a way similar to the neuropeptides of higher animals. Examples Peptide signals play a role in information processing t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature And Science Of Sleep ...
This is a list of academic journals published by Dove Medical Press. Journals marked with a † were no longer in publication as of March 2019. A B C D E G H I J L M N O P R S T V {{columns-list, colwidth=20em, *''Vaccine: Development and Therapy''† *''Vascular Health and Risk Management'' *''Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports'' *''Virus Adaptation and Treatment''† External linksList of journals on Dove Medical Press website * Dove Medical Press Dove Medical Press is an academic publisher of open-access peer-reviewed scientific and medical journals, with offices in Macclesfield, London (United Kingdom); Princeton, New Jersey (United States); and Auckland (New Zealand). In September 2017, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Union Of Basic And Clinical Pharmacology
The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) is a voluntary, non-profit association representing the interests of scientists in pharmacology-related fields to facilitate ''Better Medicines through Global Education and Research'' around the world. History Established in 1959 as a section of the International Union of Physiological Sciences, IUPHAR became an independent organization in 1966 and is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). The first World Congress of Pharmacology was held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1961 and subsequently held every three years. After 1990 the World Congresses were moved to a four-year interval. These meetings present the latest pharmacological research, technology, and methodology, and provide a forum for international collaboration and exchange of ideas. A General Assembly, consisting of delegates from all the member societies, is convened during the congresses so member societies have an opportunity to elect t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GenBank
The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). In October 2024, GenBank contained 34 trillion base pairs from over 4.7 billion nucleotide sequences and more than 580,000 formally described species. The database started in 1982 by Walter Goad and Los Alamos National Laboratory. GenBank has become an important database for research in biological fields and has grown in recent years at an exponential rate by doubling roughly every 18 months. GenBank is built by direct submissions from individual laboratories, as well as from bulk submissions from large-scale sequencing centers. Submissions Only original sequences can be submitted to GenBank. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orphan Receptor
In biochemistry, an orphan receptor is a protein that has a similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified. If a ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the receptor is referred to as an "adopted orphan". Conversely, the term orphan ligand refers to a biological ligand whose cognate receptor has not yet been identified. Examples Examples of orphan receptors are found in the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and nuclear receptor families. If an endogenous ligand is found, the orphan receptor is "adopted" or "de-orphanized". An example is the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5/GPCR19/G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, both of which are activated by bile acids. Adopted orphan receptors in the nuclear receptor group include FXR, liver X receptor (LXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Another example of an orphan receptor site is the PCP binding site in the NMDA recep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limbic System
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.Schacter, Daniel L. 2012. ''Psychology''.sec. 3.20 Its various components support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long-term memory, and olfaction. The limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems and consists of the amygdala, mammillary bodies, stria medullaris, central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden. This processed information is often relayed to a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon, including the prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, limbic thalamus, hippocampus including the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum, nucleus accumbens (limbic striatum), anterior hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, midbrain raphe nuclei, habenular commi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incretin
Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones that decrease Blood sugar level, blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of insulin released from Pancreas, pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans by a blood glucose, blood-glucose–dependent mechanism. Some incretins (GLP-1) also inhibit glucagon release from the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. In addition, they slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream by reducing Gastrointestinal physiology, gastric emptying and may reduce food intake. The two main peptides that fulfill criteria for an incretin are the intestinal peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP, also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GIP is produced and secreted into the blood by Enteroendocrine cell#K cell, K cells located in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract's duodenum and upper jejunum while GLP1 is produced and secrete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scripps Research Institute
Scripps Research is a nonprofit American medical research facility that focuses on research and education in the biomedical sciences. Headquartered in San Diego, California, the institute has over 170 laboratories employing 2,100 scientists, technicians, graduate students, and administrative and other staff. The institute holds over 1,100 patents, has produced 11 FDA-approved therapeutics, and has generated over 50 spin-off companies. The Scripps Research graduate program is ranked 9th nationally in the biological sciences, 6th for organic chemistry, and 6th for biochemistry. In 2022, their Jupiter, Florida, campus became a part of the University of Florida. Jupiter-based graduate students remain part of the Scripps Research graduate program. History Scripps Research began with the Scripps Metabolic Clinic, founded near the current site in the La Jolla area of San Diego in 1924 by philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps, who was inspired by the discovery of insulin. In 1946, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orexin Receptor Type 2
Orexin receptor type 2 (Ox2R or OX2), also known as hypocretin receptor type 2 (HcrtR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCRTR2 gene. It should not be confused for the protein CD200R1 which shares the alias OX2R but is a distinct, unrelated gene located on the human chromosome 3. Structure The structure of the receptor has been solved to 2.5 Å resolution as a fusion protein bound to suvorexant using lipid-mediated crystallization. Function OX2 is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed exclusively in the brain. It has 64% identity with Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1, OX1. OX2 binds both orexin A and orexin B neuropeptides. OX2 is involved in the central feedback mechanism that regulates feeding behaviour. Mice with enhanced OX2 signaling are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. This receptor is activated by Hipocretin, which is a wake-promoting hypothalamic neuropeptide that acts as a critical regulator of sleep in animals as Zebrafish or Mammal, M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orexin Receptor Type 1
Orexin receptor type 1 (Ox1R or OX1), also known as hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCRTR1 gene. Function The orexin 1 receptor (OX1), is a G-protein coupled receptor that is heavily expressed in projections from the lateral hypothalamus and is involved in the regulation of feeding behaviour. OX1 selectively binds the orexin-A neuropeptide. It shares 64% identity with OX2. Ligands Agonists * Orexin-A Antagonists * RTIOX-276 - Selective OX1 antagonist * ACT-335827 - Selective OX1 antagonist * Almorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist * Lemborexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist * Nemorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist * SB-334,867 - Selective OX1 antagonist * SB-408,124 - Selective OX1 antagonist * SB-649,868 - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist * Suvorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist An antagonist is a character in a story who is presented as the main enemy or rival of the protagonist and is often depicted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center At Dallas
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern or UTSW) is a public academic health science center in Dallas, Texas. With approximately 23,000 employees, more than 3,000 full-time faculty, and nearly 4 million outpatient visits per year, UT Southwestern is the largest medical school in the University of Texas System and the State of Texas. UT Southwestern's operating budget in 2021 was more than , and is the largest medical institution in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex (and therefore North Texas region), annually training about 3,800 medical, graduate, and health professions students, residents, and postdoctoral fellows. UT Southwestern Research Programs amounted to in 2022. UT Southwestern's faculty also provide services at Scottish Rite for Children, VA North Texas Health Care System, and other affiliated hospitals and community clinics in the North Texas region. Faculty and residents provide care in more than 80 specialties to more than 100,000 ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
