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Orellanin
Orellanine or orellanin is a mycotoxin found in a group of mushrooms known as the Orellani within the family Cortinariaceae. Structurally, it is a bipyridine N-oxide compound somewhat related to the herbicide diquat. History Orellanine first came to people's attention in 1952 when a mass poisoning of 102 people in Konin, Poland, resulted in 11 deaths. Orellanine comes from a class of mushrooms that fall under the genus ''Cortinarius,'' and has been found in the species '' C. orellanus'', '' rubellus'', ''henrici'', '' rainerensis'' and ''bruneofulvus''. Poisonings related to these mushrooms have occurred predominately in Europe where mushroom foraging was common, though cases of orellanine poisoning have been reported in North America and Australia as well. There are several reported cases of people ingesting orellanine-containing mushrooms after mistaking them for edible or hallucinogenic mushrooms. Orellanine was first isolated in 1962, when Stanisław Grzymala extracted and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orellanine Tautomerization
Orellanine or orellanin is a mycotoxin A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης , "fungus" and τοξικός , "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually rese ... found in a group of mushrooms known as the Orellani within the family Cortinariaceae. Structurally, it is a bipyridine N-oxide compound somewhat related to the herbicide diquat. History Orellanine first came to people's attention in 1952 when a mass poisoning of 102 people in Konin, Poland, resulted in 11 deaths. Orellanine comes from a class of mushrooms that fall under the genus ''Cortinarius,'' and has been found in the species ''Cortinarius orellanus, C. orellanus'', ''Cortinarius rubellus, rubellus'', ''henrici'', ''Cortinarius rainierensis, rainerensis'' and ''bruneofulvus''. Poisonings related to these mushrooms have occurred predominately in Europe where mushroom foraging was common, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orellani
The Orellani are a group of seven related species in the genus ''Cortinarius'' that have been classified as a section of the subgenus ''Leprocybe'' or a subgenus in their own right. They are among world's most poisonous mushrooms as they contain the highly toxic compound orellanine. The best-known species are the deadly webcap ('' Cortinarius rubellus'', formerly also known as ''C. speciosissimus'' or ''C. orellanoides'') and the fool's webcap, '' C. orellanus''. The mushrooms' characteristics are quite common, making them difficult to identify, which often leads to fatal poisonings. Young examples of the species often have a veil between the cap of the mushroom and the stem. This veil looks like a cobweb, hence the name. The veil however partially or completely disappears in older specimens. Some other characteristics for each of the mushrooms are given below. Descriptions Deadly webcap ''(Cortinarius rubellus)'' ''Spore color'': Rusty brown to orange ''Cap'': 3–7 cm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinarius Orellanus
''Cortinarius orellanus'', commonly known as the fool's webcap or fools webcap, is a species of deadly fungus in the family Cortinariaceae native to Europe. Within the genus it belongs to a group known as the Orellani, all of which are highly toxic—eating them results in kidney failure, which is often irreversible. The mushroom is generally tan to brown all over. Taxonomy ''Cortinarius orellanus'' was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in his 1838 book ''Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum''. It is one of seven highly toxic species that make up the orellani, a subgenus within genus ''Cortinarius''. Description ''Cortinarius orellanus'' has a concave cap of diameter, though rare specimens reach across. The cap flattens with age. In colour, it is an orange-brown, and is covered in fine, fibrous scales but become smooth with age. The cap surface turns black with potassium hydroxide. The thick gills are light ochre-coloured, chang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinariaceae
The Cortinariaceae are a large family of gilled mushrooms found worldwide, containing over 3200 species. The family takes its name from its largest genus, the varied species of the genus ''Cortinarius''. Many genera formerly in the Cortinariaceae have been placed in various other families, including Hymenogastraceae, Inocybaceae and Bolbitiaceae. The deadly toxin orellanine has been found in at least 34 Cortinariaceae. Taxonomy Cortinariaceae is a family of mushrooms within the Order Agaricales. The spore producing hymenium is located on the gills. The pileipellis is a cutis. The spores are brown in deposit and, in most genera in this family, the spores are ornamented. In 2022 the family Cortinariaceae, which previously contained only the one genus of ''Cortinarius'' was reclassified based on genomic data and split into the genera of ''Cortinarius'', '' Aureonarius'', '' Austrocortinarius'', '' Calonarius'', '' Cystinarius'', '' Hygronarius'', '' Mystinarius'', '' Phlegmacium'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinarius
''Cortinarius'' is a globally distributed genus of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Its members are commonly known by the names cortinar and webcap. It is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing over 2,000 widespread species. Young specimens have a cortina (veil) between the cap and the stem, hence the name. Most of the fibres of the cortina are ephemeral and leave no more than limited remnants on the stem or cap edge. All species have a rusty brown spore print. Several species (such as ''Cortinarius orellanus, C. orellanus'') are highly Mushroom poisoning, toxic and many species are difficult to distinguish, making their consumption inadvisable. Taxonomy Molecular phylogenetics, Molecular studies of members of the genus ''Rozites'', including its most famous member ''R. caperata'', have shown them nested within ''Cortinarius'' and have been sunk into this genus. This genus was erected on the basis of a double veil, yet its members do not form a di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinarius Rubellus
''Cortinarius rubellus'', commonly known as the deadly webcap, is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae, native to high-latitude temperate to subalpine forests of Eurasia and North America. Within the genus it belongs to a group known as the Orellani, all of which are highly toxic. Eating them results in kidney failure, which is often irreversible. The mushroom is generally tan to brown all over, with a conical to convex cap in diameter, adnate gills and a tall stipe. Taxonomy British naturalist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke described ''Cortinarius rubellus'' in 1887 from material collected by a Dr. Carlyle at Orton Moss near Carlisle, Cumbria. The name was rarely used before 1980, however. ''Cortinarius orellanoides'' was described by Henry in 1937 from mushrooms growing under bracken (''Pteridium aquilinum'') and beech in France, while Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi described ''C. speciosissimus'' (initially ''C. speciosus'', but that name had already been given to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycotoxin
A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης , "fungus" and τοξικός , "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops. Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine. One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and several species may produce the same mycotoxin. Production Most fungi are aerobic (use oxygen) and are found almost everywhere in extremely small quantities due to the diminutive size of their spores. They consume organic matter wherever humidity and temperature are sufficient. Where conditions are right, fungi proliferate into colonies and mycotoxin levels become high. The reason for the production of m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konin
Konin () is a city in central Poland, on the Warta River. It is the capital of Konin County and is located within the Greater Poland Voivodeship. In 2021 the population of the city was 71,427, making it the fourth-largest city in Greater Poland after Poznań, Kalisz and Piła. Konin with over a thousand years of history is one of the oldest cities in Greater Poland. A former royal city of Poland, it attributed its early prosperity to clothmaking and trade, then in the 19th century it became an industrial center, and since the 20th century it has been the main city of the Konin Coal Basin. It was the site of several battles. From 1975 to 1999, it was the capital of the Konin Voivodeship. The Old Town of Konin contains a number of structures in Gothic architecture, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque architecture, Baroque and Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassical styles, and a unique medieval road post, considered the oldest preserved road sign in Central and Eastern Europe and the oldest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (; less commonly spelled procaryote) is a unicellular organism, single-celled organism whose cell (biology), cell lacks a cell nucleus, nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The word ''prokaryote'' comes from the Ancient Greek (), meaning 'before', and (), meaning 'nut' or 'kernel'. In the earlier two-empire system arising from the work of Édouard Chatton, prokaryotes were classified within the empire Prokaryota. However, in the three-domain system, based upon molecular phylogenetics, prokaryotes are divided into two domain (biology), domains: Bacteria and Archaea. A third domain, Eukaryote, Eukaryota, consists of organisms with nuclei. Prokaryotes evolution, evolved before eukaryotes, and lack nuclei, mitochondria, and most of the other distinct organelles that characterize the eukaryotic cell. Some unicellular prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, form colony (biology), colonies held together by biofilms, and large colonies can create multilayered microbial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbicide
Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.EPA. February 201Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates. Summary in press releasMain page for EPA reports on pesticide use ihere Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscriminately. The combined effects of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and improved cultivars has increased yields (per acre) of major crops by three to six times from 1900 to 2000. In the United States in 2012, about 91% of all herbicide usage, was determined by weight applied, in agriculture. In 2012, world pesticide expenditures totaled nearly US$24.7 billion; herbicides were about 44% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by insecticides, fungicides, and fumigants. Herbicide is also used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quaternary Ammonium Cation
In organic chemistry, quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively-charged polyatomic ions of the structure , where R is an alkyl group, an aryl group or organyl group. Unlike the ammonium ion () and the primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution. Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds (called quaternary amines in oilfield parlance) are salts of quaternary ammonium cations. Polyquats are a variety of engineered polymer forms which provide multiple quat molecules within a larger molecule. Quats are used in consumer applications including as antimicrobials (such as detergents and disinfectants), fabric softeners, and hair conditioners. As an antimicrobial, they are able to inactivate enveloped viruses (such as SARS-CoV-2). Quats tend to be gentler on surfaces than bleach-based disinfectants, and are generally fabric-safe. Synthes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
