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Oil Fund
A stabilization fund is a mechanism set up by a government or central bank to insulate the domestic economy from large influxes of revenue, as from commodities such as oil. A primary motivation is maintaining a steady level of government revenue in the face of major commodity price fluctuations (hence the term "stabilization"), as well as the avoidance of inflation and associated atrophy of other domestic sectors ( Dutch disease). This generally involves the purchase of foreign denominated debt, especially if the goal is to prevent overheating in the domestic economy. The notion may overlap with sovereign wealth fund. Examples of such funds include: * Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation * Petroleum Fund of Norway (SPF) *Chile's Copper Stabilization Fund (CSF) *Oman's State General Reserve Fund (SGRF) *Kuwait's Reserve Fund for Future Generations (RFFG) *Papua New Guinea's Mineral Resources Stabilization Fund (MRSF) *Venezuela's Macroeconomic Stabilization Fund (MSF) *UA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Bank
A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the monetary policy of a country or monetary union. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base. Many central banks also have supervisory or regulatory powers to ensure the stability of commercial banks in their jurisdiction, to prevent bank runs, and, in some cases, to enforce policies on financial consumer protection, and against bank fraud, money laundering, or terrorism financing. Central banks play a crucial role in macroeconomic forecasting, which is essential for guiding monetary policy decisions, especially during times of economic turbulence. Central banks in most developed nations are usually set up to be institutionally independent from political interference, even though governments typically have governance rights over them, legislative bodies exercise scrutiny, and central banks frequently do show resp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reserve Fund For Future Generations
The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) is the State owned sovereign wealth fund of the State of Kuwait, managing the state's reserve and the state's future generation fund, also known as "Ajyal Fund". Founded in 1953, the KIA is the world's oldest sovereign wealth fund. As of March 2025, it is the world's 5th largest sovereign wealth fund with currently US$1,029 billion assets under management. History and profile KIA was founded on 23 February 1953 to manage the funds of the Kuwaiti Government in light of financial surpluses after the discovery of oil. KIA manages the Kuwait General Reserve Fund, the Kuwait Future Generations Fund, as well as any other assets committed by the Ministry of Finance. To put KIA's size into perspective, the Kuwait Future Generations Fund has 15% of annual oil revenues added to it. The Chinese regulator awarded Kuwait Investment Authority an additional $700 million quota on top of $300 million awarded in March 2012. The quota is the highest to be gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exchange Stabilization Fund
The Exchange Stabilization Fund (ESF) is an emergency reserve fund of the United States Treasury Department, normally used for foreign exchange intervention. This arrangement (as opposed to having the central bank intervene directly) allows the US government to influence currency exchange rates without directly affecting domestic money supply. The fund's net position at the end of 2024 was $39billion. Its total assets were $210billion, the difference being largely attributable to $166billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) from the International Monetary Fund. Background The U.S. Exchange Stabilization Fund was established at the Treasury Department by a provision in the Gold Reserve Act of 1934. It was intended as a response to Britain's Exchange Equalisation Account. The fund began operations in April 1934, under director Archie Lochhead and financed by $2billion of the $2.8billion gold surplus the government had realized by devaluing the dollar. The act authorized the ESF t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exchange Equalisation Account
The Exchange Equalisation Account (EEA) is a fund of His Majesty's Treasury in the United Kingdom. It holds the country's special drawing rights (SDR) held at the International Monetary Fund as well as reserves of foreign currencies and gold. It was set up to provide funding which if necessary can be used to manage the exchange value of pound sterling on international markets. The EEA was established by Neville Chamberlain's budget of 19 April 1932 following the pound's exit from the gold exchange standard the previous September. The Exchange Stabilization Fund is a similar fund operated by the US Treasury since 1934. It was created as a response to the EEA. See also *Gold reserves of the United Kingdom The gold reserve of the United Kingdom is the amount of gold kept by Bank of England as a store of value of part of the United Kingdom's wealth. Leftover from the Gold Standard which the country abandoned in 1931, it is the 17th largest central ba ... References ;General''JMK ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Financial Stability Facility
The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) is a special purpose vehicle financed by members of the eurozone to address the European sovereign-debt crisis. It was agreed by the Council of the European Union on 9 May 2010, with the objective of preserving financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance to eurozone states in economic difficulty. The Facility's headquarters are in Luxembourg City, as are those of the European Stability Mechanism. Treasury management services and administrative support are provided to the Facility by the European Investment Bank through a service level contract. Since the establishment of the European Stability Mechanism, the activities of the EFSF are carried out by the ESM. The EFSF is authorised to borrow up to €440 billion, of which €250 billion remained available after the Irish and Portuguese bailout. A separate entity, the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM), a programme reliant upon funds r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exchange Rate
In finance, an exchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another currency. Currencies are most commonly national currencies, but may be sub-national as in the case of Hong Kong or supra-national as in the case of the euro. The exchange rate is also regarded as the value of one country's currency in relation to another currency. For example, an Interbank lending market, interbank exchange rate of 141 Japanese yen to the United States dollar means that ¥141 will be exchanged for or that will be exchanged for ¥141. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in relation to yen is ¥141, or equivalently that the price of a yen in relation to dollars is $1/141. Each country determines the exchange rate regime that will apply to its currency. For example, a currency may be floating exchange rate, floating, fixed exchange rate, pegged (fixed), or a hybrid. Governments can impose certain limits and controls on exchange rates. Countries can als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Bank Of Iran
The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (CBI; ; SWIFT Code: BMJIIRTH), also known as ''Bank Markazi'', was established under the Iranian Banking and Monetary Act in 1960. It serves as the banker to the Iranian government and has the exclusive right of issuing banknote and coinage. CBI is tasked with maintaining the value of the Iranian rial and supervision of banks and credit institutions. It acts as custodian of the National Jewels, as well as foreign exchange and gold reserves of Iran. It is also a founding member of the Asian Clearing Union, controls gold and capital flows overseas, represents Iran in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and internationally concludes payment agreements between Iran and other countries. In November 2023 after 50 years central bank was revamped fully and changed to include Islamic Republic Development Bank. The Central Bank was cyberattacked by IRLeaks in August 2024. The Iranian government was forced to pay ransom to the hacker ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Dhabi Fund For Development
The Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) is a foreign aid agency established by the government of Abu Dhabi in 1971. The fund provides concessionary loans to fund economic and social development projects. The fund also invests in order to expand and strengthen the private sector economies of its clients. History ADFD was established in 1971 in order to manage the foreign aid programs of the United Arab Emirates. Since its founding until 2014, the fund disbursed AED22.5 billion in loans and AED39.8 billion in grants. Grants are funded by the government of Abu Dhabi but managed by the ADFD. Leadership Mansour bin Zayed Nahyan Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidential Affairs, is ADFD's chairman. Sheikh Mansour is also the chairman of the Emirates Investment Authority (the sole sovereign wealth fund of the United Arab Emirates federal government), the Abu Dhabi Judicial Department, the Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, the National ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Venezuela
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It comprises an area of , and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas. The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of States of Venezuela, 23 states, the Venezuelan Capital District, Capital District and Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital. The territory o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an island country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. It has Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border, a land border with Indonesia to the west and neighbours Australia to the south and the Solomon Islands to the east. Its capital, on its southern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest list of island countries, island country, with an area of . The nation was split in the 1880s between German New Guinea in the North and the Territory of Papua, British Territory of Papua in the South, the latter of which was ceded to Australia in 1902. All of present-day Papua New Guinea came under Australian control following World War I, with the legally distinct Territory of New Guinea being established out of the former German colony as a League of Nations mandate. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia and the geopolitical region known as the Middle East. It is situated in the northern edge of the Arabian Peninsula at the head of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to Iraq–Kuwait border, the north and Saudi Arabia to Kuwait–Saudi Arabia border, the south. With a coastline of approximately , Kuwait also shares a maritime border with Iran, across the Persian Gulf. Kuwait is a city-state, most of the country's population reside in the urban area, urban agglomeration of Kuwait City, the capital and largest city. , Kuwait has a population of 4.82 million, of which 1.53 million are Kuwaiti nationality law, Kuwaiti citizens while the remaining 3.29 million are Expatriates in Kuwait, foreign nationals from over 100 countries. Kuwait has the world's third List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population, largest number of foreign nationals as a percentage of the population, where its citizens make up less th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
